Peru (Republic of Peru)

Peru Republic of Peru
Status	Independent State
Capital	Lima
Land Area	1 280 000km21
Location	South America, The Americas
Population	29.7m (2011)2
Life Expectancy	74.81yrs (2017)3
GNI	$11 295 (2017)4
ISO3166-1 Codes	PE, PER, 6045
Internet Domain	.pe6
Currency	Sol (PEN)7
Telephone	+518

1. Overview
2. Peru National and Social Development
3. Population and Demographics
4. Human Rights, Equality and Freedom
5. Peace Versus Instability
6. Religion and Beliefs
7. The Internet
8. Public Health Issues
9. Children's Health
10. More Charts and Comparisons to Other Countries
11. Links

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1. Overview

“Ancient Peru was the seat of several prominent Andean civilizations, most notably that of the Incas whose empire was captured by Spanish conquistadors in 1533. Peruvian independence was declared in 1821, and remaining Spanish forces were defeated in 1824. After a dozen years of military rule, Peru returned to democratic leadership in 1980, but experienced economic problems and the growth of a violent insurgency. President Alberto FUJIMORI's election in 1990 ushered in a decade that saw a dramatic turnaround in the economy and significant progress in curtailing guerrilla activity. Nevertheless, the president's increasing reliance on authoritarian measures and an economic slump in the late 1990s generated mounting dissatisfaction with his regime, which led to his ouster in 2000. A caretaker government oversaw new elections in the spring of 2001, which installed Alejandro TOLEDO Manrique as the new head of government - Peru's first democratically elected president of indigenous Quechuan ethnicity. The presidential election of 2006 saw the return of Alan GARCIA Perez who, after a disappointing presidential term from 1985 to 1990, oversaw a robust economic rebound. In June 2011, former army officer Ollanta HUMALA Tasso was elected president, defeating Keiko FUJIMORI Higuchi, the daughter of Alberto FUJIMORI. Since his election, HUMALA has carried on the sound, market-oriented economic policies of the three preceeding administrations.”

CIA's The World Factbook (2013)₉

“Peru startles with its variety - parched coastal desert, jagged Andean peaks, lush Amazon rainforest. Its rich culture runs the gamut from sophisticated Lima to mist-shrouded ancient ruins. A visit to South America isn´t complete without a pilgrimage to the glorious Inca citadel of Machu Picchu, but, the truth is, this feted site is just a flash in a 5000-year history of peoples. Walk through the dusted remnants of a vast ancient city at Chan Chan, the largest pre-Columbian ruins in all the Americas. Fly over the puzzling geo-glyphs etched into the arid earth at Nazca. Or venture into the rugged wilds that hem the stalwart fortress of Kuelap. Lima´s great museums, with priceless ceramics, gold and some of the finest textiles in the world, reveal in full detail the sophistication, skill and passion of these lost civilizations. Visit remote communities and see how old ways live on. Peru is as complex as its most intricate weavings. Festivals mix ancient pageantry with stomping brass bands. The urban vanguard beams with artistry and innovation. Trails mark the way from dense jungle to glacial peaks. Immerse yourself in Peru and leave a little closer to the past.”

"The World" by Lonely Planet (2014)₁₀

2. Peru National and Social Development

#human_development

UN HDI (2016)11
Pos.		Lower is better Rank11
1	Norway	1
2	Australia	2
3	Switzerland	2
	...
84	Armenia	84
85	Ukraine	84
86	Jordan	86
87	Peru	87
88	Thailand	87
89	Ecuador	89
90	China	90
91	Fiji	91
	World Avg	94.3
q=188.

Social & Moral Development Index12
Pos.		Higher is better Points12
1	Denmark	83.6
2	Finland	83.1
3	Sweden	82.6
	...
73	Turkey	56.5
74	Montenegro	56.5
75	Ukraine	56.5
76	Peru	56.4
77	Seychelles	56.3
78	Philippines	56.3
79	Kyrgyzstan	56.0
80	Nicaragua	56.0
	World Avg	55.4
q=198.

The United Nations produces an annual Human Development Report which includes the Human Development Index. The factors taken into account include life expectancy, education and schooling and Gross National Income (GNI) amongst many others..

The Social and Moral Development Index concentrates on moral issues and human rights, violence, public health, equality, tolerance, freedom and effectiveness in climate change mitigation and environmentalism, and on some technological issues. A country scores higher for achieving well in those areas, and for sustaining that achievement in the long term. Those countries towards the top of this index can truly said to be setting good examples and leading humankind onwards into a bright, humane, and free future. See: What is the Best Country in the World? An Index of Morality, Conscience and Good Life.

3. Population and Demographics

#birth_control #demographics #health #immigration #life_expectancy #longevity #overpopulation #Peru #population

Old-Age Dependency Ratio (2016)13
Pos.		Lower is better Per 10013
1	Uganda	04.3
2	Mali	04.5
3	Chad	04.7
	...
96	Guyana	15.0
97	Fiji	15.3
98	Mexico	15.4
99	Peru	15.5
100	Dominican Rep.	15.6
101	Venezuela	15.6
102	Kazakhstan	15.6
103	Ecuador	16.0
	World Avg	18.3
q=185.

Emigrants (2010)14
Pos.		%14
1	Dominica	104.8%
2	Palestine	68.4%
3	Samoa	67.3%
	...
128	Bahrain	3.7%
129	Gambia	3.7%
130	Chile	3.7%
131	Peru	3.7%
132	Czechia	3.6%
133	Mauritania	3.5%
134	Canada	3.5%
135	Algeria	3.4%
	World Avg	11.5%
q=192.

Fertility Rate (2013)15
Pos.		2.0 is best15
1	N. Korea	2.00
2	Brunei	1.99
3	St Vincent & Grenadines	2.01
	...
60	Ecuador	2.41
61	Mauritius	1.59
62	Panama	2.42
63	Peru	2.43
64	Barbados	1.57
65	China	1.57
66	Serbia	1.56
67	Libya	2.44
	World Avg	2.81
q=180.

The fertility rate is, in simple terms, the average amount of children that each woman has. The higher the figure, the quicker the population is growing, although, to calculate the rate you also need to take into account morbidity, i.e., the rate at which people die. If people live healthy and long lives and morbidity is low, then, 2.0 approximates to the replacement rate, which would keep the population stable. If all countries had such a fertility rate, population growth would end. The actual replacement rate in most developed countries is around 2.1.

Immigrants (2010)14
Pos.		%14
1	Qatar	86.5%
2	Monaco	71.6%
3	UAE	70.0%
	...
185	Myanmar (Burma)	0.2%
186	N. Korea	0.2%
187	Morocco	0.2%
188	Cuba	0.1%
189	Peru	0.1%
190	Vietnam	0.1%
191	Indonesia	0.1%
192	China	0.1%
	World Avg	9.2%
q=192.

Life Expectancy (2015)16
Pos.		Higher is better Years16
1	Hong Kong	84.16
2	Japan	83.68
3	Italy	83.34
	...
74	Malaysia	74.90
75	Armenia	74.89
76	Romania	74.84
77	Peru	74.81
78	Brazil	74.75
79	Thailand	74.62
80	Mauritius	74.60
81	Kuwait	74.55
	World Avg	71.27
q=190.

Population (2012)17
Pos.		Population17
1	China	1.4b
2	India	1.3b
3	USA	315.8m
	...
40	Morocco	32.6m
41	Nepal	31.0m
42	Venezuela	29.9m
43	Peru	29.7m
44	Malaysia	29.3m
45	Saudi Arabia	28.7m
46	Uzbekistan	28.1m
47	Yemen	25.6m
	World Avg	36.0m
q=195.

Peru's population is predicted to rise to 35.49 million by 2030. These millions of extra people will all need space to live, food to eat, energy to consume, and will increase the burden on the planet's resources. This country has a fertility rate of 2.43. The fertility rate is, in simple terms, the average amount of children that each woman has. The higher the figure, the quicker the population is growing, although, to calculate the rate you also need to take into account morbidity, i.e., the rate at which people die. If people live healthy and long lives and morbidity is low, then, 2.0 approximates to the replacement rate, which would keep the population stable. If all countries had such a fertility rate, population growth would end. The actual replacement rate in most developed countries is around 2.1.

• The Population of the Earth
• Abortion, Birth Control and Contraception

4. Human Rights, Equality and Freedom

#equality #freedom #human_rights #peru #politics #tolerance

Peru does relatively well in ensuring human rights and freedom, compared to many other countries. Peru does the second-best in terms of its nominal commitment to Human Rights₁₈. It does better than average in LGBT equality₁₉, commentary in Human Rights Watch reports₂₀, eliminating modern slavery₂₁ and in supporting personal, civil & economic freedoms₂₂. Peru does not succeed in everything, however. It does worse than average in fighting anti-semitic opinions₂₃ (one of the worst in The Americas), its Global Peace Index rating₂₄, opposing gender inequality₂₅, fighting corruption₂₆, the year from which women could participate in democracy₂₇ and in supporting press freedom₂₈. "Efforts to prosecute grave human rights abuses committed during the 20-year armed conflict that ended in 2000 have had mixed results"₂₉.

For tables, charts and commentary, see:

• Human Rights and Freedom in Peru

5. Peace Versus Instability

#extremism #human_development #peace #Peru #politics #religious_violence #terrorism

Peacekeeping and Security (2017)30
Pos.		Lower is better Rank30
1	Samoa	1
2	S. Africa	2
3	Tunisia	3
	...
94	Bahamas	94
95	Mauritania	95
96	Nicaragua	96
97	Peru	97
98	Czechia	98
99	Lithuania	99
100	Luxembourg	100
101	Niger	101
	World Avg	82.0
q=163.

Refugees and UN Treaties (2017)30
Pos.		Lower is better Rank30
1	Austria	1
2	Germany	2
3	Netherlands	3
	...
92	Belarus	92
93	Ghana	93
94	Qatar	94
95	Peru	95
96	Gabon	96
97	Russia	97
98	Papua New Guinea	98
99	Mexico	99
	World Avg	82.0
q=163.

Global Peace Index (2012)24
Pos.		Lower is better24
1	Iceland	1.11
2	New Zealand	1.24
3	Denmark	1.24
	...
76	Paraguay	1.97
77	Greece	1.98
78	Senegal	1.99
79	Peru	2.00
80	Nepal	2.00
81	Montenegro	2.01
82	Nicaragua	2.01
83	Brazil	2.02
	World Avg	2.02
q=157.

"The 2012 Global Peace Index is the sixth edition of the world's leading study on global levels of peacefulness. The GPI ranks 158 nations using 23 qualitative and quantitative indicators from highly respected sources, which gauge three broad themes: the level of safety and security in society; the extent of domestic or international conflict; and the degree of militarisation. By generating new information on the state of peace at the national and global level, the Institute for Economics and Peace hopes to make a valuable contribution to better understanding how civil society, researchers, policymakers, and government can create a more peaceful society"₂₄. The most peaceable countries in the world are Iceland, New Zealand and Denmark₂₄ and the worst are Somalia, Afghanistan and Sudan₂₄.

Impact of Terrorism (2019)31
Pos.		Lower is better Score31
1	Togo	0.00
2	Mongolia	0.00
3	Swaziland	0.00
	...
81	Congo, (Brazzaville)	2.69
82	Ireland	2.69
83	Zimbabwe	2.83
84	Peru	2.84
85	Rwanda	2.95
86	Nicaragua	2.95
87	Jordan	3.09
88	Italy	3.11
	World Avg	2.78
q=150.

6. Religion and Beliefs

#belief #buddhism #christianity #god #hinduism #islam #judaism #religion

Religiosity (2009)32
Pos.		Lower is better %32
1	Estonia	16
2	Sweden	17
3	Denmark	19
	...
53	El Salvador	83
54	Romania	84
55	Honduras	84
56	Peru	84
57	Iraq	84
58	Nicaragua	84
59	S. Africa	85
60	Tajikistan	85
	World Avg	75.1
q=114.

Disbelief In God (2007)33
Pos.		Higher is better %33
1	Vietnam	81
2	Japan	65
3	Sweden	64
	...
80	Ecuador	1
81	S. Africa	1
82	Venezuela	1
83	Peru	1
84	Guatemala	1
85	El Salvador	1
86	Panama	1
87	Somalia	0
	World Avg	9.9
q=137.

Data from the Pew Forum, a professional polling outfit, states that in 2010 the religious makeup of this country was as follows in the table below₃₄:

Christian	95.5%
Muslim	0.1%
Hindu	0.1%
Buddhist	0.2%
Folk Religion	1%
Jew	0.1%
Unaffiliated	3%

The CIA World Factbook has slightly different data, and states: Roman Catholic 81.3%, Evangelical 12.5%, other 3.3%, unspecified or none 2.9% (2007 Census)₃₅.

Links:

• A List of All Religions and Belief Systems
• Secularisation Theory: Will Modern Society Reject Religion? What is Secularism?

7. The Internet

#internet #it_security #Peru #the_internet

Internet Users (2016)36
Pos.		Higher is better36
1	Iceland	100%
2	Faroe Islands	99%
3	Norway	98%
	...
118	Cape Verde	43%
119	Suriname	42%
120	Bolivia	41%
121	Peru	41%
122	Guyana	40%
123	Grenada	39%
124	El Salvador	38%
125	Bhutan	37%
	World Avg	48.1%
q=201.

IPv6 Uptake (2017)37
Pos.		Higher is better Ratio37
1	Belgium	55.4
2	Germany	41.8
3	Switzerland	35.1
	...
11	Japan	22.1
12	France	18.8
13	Canada	18.3
14	Peru	18.3
15	Ecuador	18.2
16	Estonia	17.6
17	Malaysia	16.5
18	Norway	14.7
	World Avg	3.82
q=176.

IT Security (2013)38
Pos.		Lower is better38
1	Ireland	0.11
2	Luxembourg	0.11
3	Belize	0.11
	...
11	Czechia	0.24
12	Argentina	0.27
13	Hungary	0.27
14	Peru	0.30
15	Latvia	0.33
16	Pakistan	0.38
17	Taiwan	0.44
18	Sweden	0.44
	World Avg	0.98
q=81.

Internet access has become an essential research tool. It facilitates an endless list of life improvements, from the ability to network and socialize without constraint, to access to a seemingly infinite repository of technical and procedural information on pretty much any task. The universal availability of data has sped up industrial development and personal learning at the national and personal level. Individuals can read any topic they wish regardless of the locality of expert teachers, and, entire nations can develop their technology and understanding of the world simply because they are now exposed to advanced societies and moral discourses online. Like every communications medium, the Internet has issues and causes a small range of problems, but these are insignificant compared to the advantages of having an online populace.

8. Public Health Issues

#alcohol #genetics #health #mental_health #obesity #organ_donation #Peru #public_health #smoking #sociology #suicide #UK

Peru has some poor policies and cultural issues which cause some public health problems. Peru comes in the best 20 when it comes to its suicide rate₃₉. It does better than average in terms of its smoking rate₄₀. But that's it. Peru has problems. It does worse than average when it comes to its alcohol consumption rate₄₁, its adolescent birth rate₂₅ (still low for The Americas), its food aid and health contributions and WHO compliance₃₀, the prevalence of overweight adults₄₂ and in its immunizations take-up₄₃. And finally, it falls into the worst-performing 20 in number of organ donors₄₄. The prevalence of overweight adults has increased by 14% over the past 40 years.

Alcohol Consumption (2016)41
Pos.		Lower is better Per Capita41
1	Bangladesh	0.0
2	Kuwait	0.0
3	Libya	0.0
	...
93	Cuba	6.1
94	Kyrgyzstan	6.2
95	Guyana	6.3
96	Peru	6.3
97	Bosnia & Herzegovina	6.4
98	Angola	6.4
99	Mexico	6.5
100	Philippines	6.6
	World Avg	6.2
q=189.

There is nothing wrong with drinking modest and sensible amounts of alcohol but fitness, physical health, mental health and long-term health all suffer as a result of medium- or heavy- drinking₄₅ and the health risks to the baby when pregnant mothers drink₄₆ are well-known. Aside from the effects on the individual, alcohol misuse impacts on entire economies₄₇ via increased health service costs, policing costs and lost days' work. Worldwide, alcohol misuse is "among the top five risk factors for disease, disability and death" and is a "cause of more than 200 disease and injury conditions in individuals, most notably alcohol dependence, liver cirrhosis, cancers and injuries"₄₈. "In 2012... 5.9% of all global deaths, were attributable to alcohol consumption"₄₉. Deaths from chronic alcohol misuse have been rising for decades, and so has violence, abuse, vandalism and crime all associated with alcohol over-use. The aggression and crime associated with alcohol in some Western countries infringes on the human rights of those who want nothing to do with such behaviour. Many of the social effects of alcohol are psychological and cultural; i.e., people don't have to behave criminally or destructively whilst drunk - it is a culturally learned behaviour. Experiments have shown that behaviour can be controlled: Those who do not wish to behave badly whilst drunk, will not do so.

Organ Donors (At Death) (2017)44
Pos.		Higher is better pmp44
1	Spain	46.9050
2	Portugal	34.0150
3	Belgium	33.6250
	...
57	Romania	3.25
58	Lebanon	2.88
59	Paraguay	1.62
60	Peru	1.61
61	Trinidad & Tobago	1.47
62	Dominican Rep.	1.40
63	Malaysia	1.10
64	Bosnia & Herzegovina	0.90
	World Avg	13.03
q=70.

Food Aid, Health Contributions & WHO Compliance (2017)30
Pos.		Lower is better Rank30
1	Sweden	1
2	Ireland	2
3	Denmark	3
	...
110	Costa Rica	110
111	Dominica	111
112	Romania	112
113	Peru	113
114	Kenya	114
115	Haiti	115
116	Malawi	116
117	Swaziland	117
	World Avg	82.0
q=163.

Overweight Adults (2016)42
Pos.		Lower is better %42
1	Vietnam	18.3
2	India	19.7
3	Bangladesh	20.0
	...
112	Serbia	57.1
113	Russia	57.1
114	Portugal	57.5
115	Peru	57.5
116	Albania	57.7
117	Romania	57.7
118	Netherlands	57.8
119	Latvia	57.8
	World Avg	49.0
q=191.

About one third of the global population is overweight or obese₅₁. Most Western countries are facing an obesity epidemic. Our cultures are having to change to compensate for widespread ill-health. It is costing our health systems a massive amount of money, and is having negative effects on national economies. The situation has persisted for a suitable length of time for our very perceptions to change; opinions on "normal weights" for people and "average sizes" for clothes has shot up₅₂. Over 2 in 3 adults in the UK are overweight₅₂ and this costs the NHS £5.1 billion per year₅₃ and "costs Britain's economy £47bn a year; more than war, terrorism or armed violence"₅₄. We are forgetting how to be healthy.

The causes are not genetic. Most people who say obesity "runs in their family" are wrong. The rate of increase in obesity is many, many times too fast to be accounted for by a change in inherited genes₅₅. Our culture and lifestyle choices are to blame. The causes of the modern obesity epidemic are processed foods, low levels of physical exercise, over-indulgence, poor choices in food products, poor knowledge of nutrition. Most of this is made much worse by well-funded advertising campaigns by food manufacturers selling cheaper mass-produced food. Even some so-called "health foods" contain well over recommended limits of fat, salt and sugar₅₆.

Smoking Rates (2014)40
Pos.		Lower is better40
1	Guinea	15
2	Solomon Islands	26
3	Kiribati	28
	...
24	India	111
25	Eritrea	114
26	Haiti	114
27	Peru	116
28	Somalia	117
29	Ghana	121
30	Benin	122
31	Zimbabwe	134
	World Avg	819
q=182.

Suicide Rate (2013)39
Pos.		Lower is better Per 100k39
1	Haiti	0
2	Grenada	0
3	Egypt	0.1
4	Jordan	0.2
5	Maldives	0.7
6	Azerbaijan	1.3
7	S. Africa	1.8
8	Bahamas	2.5
9	Peru	2.9
10	Kuwait	3.6
11	Armenia	3.9
12	Dominican Rep.	4.6
	World Avg	20.93
q=91.

9. Children's Health

#health #parenting #Peru #population #vaccines

Adolescent Birth Rate (2015)25
Pos.		Lower is better Per 100025
1	N. Korea	0.5
2	S. Korea	1.6
3	Switzerland	2.9
	...
105	Timor-Leste (E. Timor)	46.6
106	Chile	47.8
107	Solomon Islands	48.4
108	Peru	49.1
109	Indonesia	49.6
110	Colombia	50.2
111	St Vincent & Grenadines	51.0
112	Cambodia	51.6
	World Avg	47.9
q=185.

Infant Immunizations 2011-2015 (2015)43
Pos.		Higher is better Avg %43
1	Hungary	99.0
2	China	99.0
3	Uzbekistan	98.9
	...
120	Montenegro	89.9
121	Zimbabwe	89.7
122	Senegal	89.5
123	Peru	89.3
124	Ireland	89.2
125	Sudan	89.2
126	Honduras	88.8
127	Kenya	88.5
	World Avg	88.3
q=194.

10. More Charts and Comparisons to Other Countries