Mongolia

https://www.humantruth.info/mongolia.html

By Vexen Crabtree 2025

Mongolia
Status	Independent State
Social and Moral Index	99th best
Capital	Ulaanbaatar
Land Area	1 553 560km²₁
Location	Asia
Population	3.2m₂
Life Expectancy	70.98yrs (2017)₃
GNI	$10 588 (2017)₄
ISO3166-1 Codes	MN, MNG, 496₅
Internet Domain	.mn₆
Currency	Tugrik (MNT)₇
Telephone	+976₈

1. Overview

“The Mongols gained fame in the 13th century when under Chinggis KHAAN they established a huge Eurasian empire through conquest. After his death the empire was divided into several powerful Mongol states, but these broke apart in the 14th century. The Mongols eventually retired to their original steppe homelands and in the late 17th century came under Chinese rule. Mongolia won its independence in 1921 with Soviet backing and a Communist regime was installed in 1924. The modern country of Mongolia, however, represents only part of the Mongols' historical homeland; more ethnic Mongolians live in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in the People's Republic of China than in Mongolia. Following a peaceful democratic revolution, the ex-Communist Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP) won elections in 1990 and 1992, but was defeated by the Democratic Union Coalition (DUC) in the 1996 parliamentary election. The MPRP won an overwhelming majority in the 2000 parliamentary election, but the party lost seats in the 2004 election and shared power with democratic coalition parties from 2004-08. The MPRP regained a solid majority in the 2008 parliamentary elections but nevertheless formed a coalition government with the Democratic Party that lasted until January 2012. In 2009, current President ELBEGDORJ of the Democratic Party was elected to office. In 2010, the MPRP voted to retake the name of the Mongolian People's Party (MPP), a name it used in the early 1920s. Shortly thereafter, a new party was formed by former president ENKHBAYAR, which adopted the MPRP name. In the 2012 Parliamentary elections, a coalition of four political parties led by the Democratic Party, gained control of the Parliament.”
CIA's The World Factbook (2013)₉

“Mongolia is an unspoiled wonder, a land where sand dunes sing, horses roam wild and nomadic herders greet strangers with open doors. Keep your itinerary loose and expect the unexpected. Mongolia. The word alone stirs up visions of nomadic herders, thundering horses and, of course, the warrior-emperor Genghis Khan. The Mongols conquered half the known world in the 13th century and while their empire is long gone, visitors are still drawn to this magical land.
Mongolians know they live in a unique country. Ask anyone and they will probably start gushing about the vast steppes, rugged mountains and clear lakes. Just as appealing is Mongolia´s nomadic culture, still going strong in the 21st century. The chance to sleep in a ger, help herd the sheep and milk a cow is one of the ultimate `back to basics´ experiences, made possible only because of the tremendous hospitality that exists here.
There are few countries in the world, however, with such a stark difference between the rural and urban populations. While nomadic Mongols live the simple life, their cousins in Ulaanbaatar are lurching headlong into the future. The capital is changing at a dizzying pace as Mongolia rushes to be part of the global community.”
"The World" by Lonely Planet (2014)₁₀

2. Mongolia National and Social Development

#economics #human_development #wealth

UN HDI (2021)₁₁
Pos.		Higher is better Value₁₁
1	Switzerland	0.962
2	Norway	0.961
3	Iceland	0.959
	...
93=	Azerbaijan	0.745
93=	Turkmenistan	0.745
95	Ecuador	0.740
96	Mongolia	0.739
97=	Egypt	0.731
97=	Tunisia	0.731
99=	Fiji	0.730
99=	Suriname	0.730
	Asia Avg	0.75
	World Avg	0.72
q=191.

Gross National Income Per-Capita (2021)₁₁
Pos.		Higher is better PPP $₁₁
1	Liechtenstein	$146 830
2	Singapore	$90 919
3	Qatar	$87 134
	...
103	Dominica	$11 488
104	Indonesia	$11 466
105	Algeria	$10 800
106	Mongolia	$10 588
107	Ecuador	$10 312
108	Tunisia	$10 258
109	Fiji	$9 980
110	Iraq	$9 977
	Asia Avg	$22 215
	World Avg	$20 136
q=193.

Social & Moral Development Index₁₂
Pos.		Lower is better Avg Rank₁₂
1	Denmark	26.9
2	Norway	29.1
3	Sweden	29.9
	...
96	Guatemala	89.2
97	S. Africa	89.6
98	St Kitts & Nevis	90.4
99	Mongolia	90.6
100	Indonesia	90.6
101	India	91.5
102	Grenada	91.8
103	Paraguay	91.9
	Asia Avg	92.0
	World Avg	89.0
q=200.

The United Nations produces an annual Human Development Report which includes the Human Development Index. The factors taken into account include life expectancy, education and schooling and Gross National Income (GNI) amongst many others..

The Social and Moral Development Index concentrates on moral issues and human rights, violence, public health, equality, tolerance, freedom and effectiveness in climate change mitigation and environmentalism, and on some technological issues. A country scores higher for achieving well in those areas, and for sustaining that achievement in the long term. Those countries towards the top of this index can truly said to be setting good examples and leading humankind onwards into a bright, humane, and free future. See: Which are the Best Countries in the World? The Social and Moral Development Index.

3. Mongolia's Demographics and Migration

#birth_control #demographics #fertility #health #immigration #life_expectancy #longevity #migration #overpopulation #population #yemen

Population Datasets:

Mongolia's population is predicted to rise to 3.524 million by 2030. This country has a fertility rate of 2.77. The fertility rate is, in simple terms, the average amount of children that each woman has. The higher the figure, the quicker the population will grow, although, to calculate the rate you also need to take into account morbidity - the rate at which people die. If people live healthy and long lives and morbidity is low, then, 2.0 approximates to the replacement rate (two new children for each set of parents who die), which would keep the population stable. If all countries had such a fertility rate, population growth would end. The actual replacement rate in most developed countries is around 2.1, once you take mortality into account₁₃. The highest fertility rate ever detected in a single year was in Yemen in 1985, at 8.86.₁₄

Population₂
Pos.		2018 Population₂
1	China	1.4b
2	India	1.4b
3	USA	327.1m
	...
132	Eritrea	3.5m
133	Uruguay	3.4m
134	Bosnia & Herzegovina	3.3m
135	Mongolia	3.2m
136	Armenia	3.0m
137	Jamaica	2.9m
138	Albania	2.9m
139	Lithuania	2.8m
	World Avg	39.0m
q=195.

Life Expectancy Higher is better₁₁
Pos.		2021 Years₁₁
1	Monaco	85.9
2	Hong Kong	85.5
3	Japan	84.8
	...
103	Seychelles	71.3
104	St Lucia	71.1
105	Tonga	71.0
106	Mongolia	71.0
107	Uzbekistan	70.9
108	El Salvador	70.7
109	Micronesia	70.7
110	Venezuela	70.6
	World Avg	71.28
q=195. Also scored for 1990s-2010s.

Fertility Rate 2.0 is best₁₅
Pos.		2022₁₅
1	US Virgin Islands	2.00
2	Ecuador	2.00
3	Nepal	2.01
	...
132	Djibouti	2.76
133	Italy	1.24
134	Haiti	2.77
135	Mongolia	2.77
136	Swaziland	2.79
137	Jordan	2.79
138	Kyrgyzstan	2.80
139	Aruba	1.18
	World Avg	2.47
q=208. Also scored for 1960s-2010s.

Old-Age Dependency Ratio Lower is better₁₆
Pos.		2016 Per 100₁₆
1	Uganda	04.3
2	Mali	04.5
3=	Chad	04.7
	...
79=	Honduras	11.0
79=	Turkmenistan	11.0
79=	Maldives	11.0
82	Mongolia	11.8
83=	Uzbekistan	11.9
83=	Tonga	11.9
85	Kyrgyzstan	12.1
86	Indonesia	12.4
	World Avg	18.3
q=185.

Migration Datasets:

Immigrants₁₇
Pos.		2017 %₁₇
1	UAE	88.4%
2	Kuwait	75.5%
3	Qatar	65.2%
	...
166	Nicaragua	0.7%
167	Nigeria	0.6%
168	Algeria	0.6%
169	Mongolia	0.6%
170	Tunisia	0.5%
171	Egypt	0.5%
172	Guatemala	0.5%
173	Cambodia	0.5%
	World Avg	9.4%
q=195.

Emigrants₁₈
Pos.		2010 %₁₈
1	Dominica	104.8%
2	Palestine	68.4%
3	Samoa	67.3%
	...
169	N. Korea	1.3%
170	Thailand	1.2%
171	UAE	1.2%
172	Mongolia	1.2%
173	Kenya	1.1%
174	Indonesia	1.1%
175	Myanmar	1.0%
176	Solomon Islands	1.0%
	World Avg	11.5%
q=192.

4. Mongolia's Human Rights, Equality & Tolerance

#antisemitism #equality #freedom #freethought #gender #gender_equality #homosexuality #human_rights #international_law #mass_media #misogyny #mongolia #morals #politics #prejudice #religious_tolerance #slavery #tolerance #women

Mongolia practices conscription, which involves a mandatory period of service in the military. But the Walk Free Foundation reports that this sometimes becomes slave labour as some 'conscripts' are assigned to lengthy and arduous work which is clearly non-military in nature₁₉ such as public infrastructure and civil construction work.

Compared to Asia (2025)₂₀
Pos.		Lower is better Avg Rank₂₀
1	Japan	31.6
2	Taiwan	41.3
3	S. Korea	44.8
4	Cyprus	48.6
5	Israel	64.4
6	Northern Cyprus	79.1
7	Hong Kong	79.6
8	Mongolia	80.4
9	Georgia	81.4
10	Philippines	81.7
11	Thailand	83.0
12	Timor-Leste (E. Timor)	83.5
13	Nepal	92.7
	Asia Avg	103.00
q=52.

Human Rights, Equality & Tolerance (2025)₂₀
Pos.		Lower is better Avg Rank₂₀
1	Sweden	7.8
2	Netherlands	8.7
3	Denmark	8.8
	...
71	Honduras	79.4
72	Hong Kong	79.6
73	Dominican Rep.	79.7
74	Mongolia	80.4
75	Colombia	80.7
76	Georgia	81.4
77	Kiribati	81.6
78	Philippines	81.7
	World Avg	89.80
q=199.

The best countries in the world at ensuring human rights, fostering equality and promoting tolerance, are Sweden, The Netherlands and Denmark₂₁. These countries are displaying the best traits that humanity has to offer. The worst countries are Somalia, Eritrea and Saudi Arabia₂₁.

31 datasets are used to calculate points for each country, including multiple decades of data on supporting press freedom, combatting modern slavery, supporting personal, civil & economic freedoms, its average Freedom in the World rating, commentary in Human Rights Watch reports, its nominal commitment to Human Rights, speed of uptake of HR treaties, opposing gender inequality, the rate of gender bias (from 7 indicators), the year from which women could participate in democracy, its success in fighting anti-semitic prejudice, LGBT equality and freethought. The regions with the best average results per country are Scandinavia, Baltic States and Europe₂₁, whereas the worst are The Middle East, Africa and Asia₂₁.

For more, see:

" Which are the Best Countries for Human Rights, Equality and Tolerance?" by Vexen Crabtree (2025).

4.1. Human Rights & Tolerance Datasets

#freedom #human_rights #international_law #mass_media #mongolia #politics #slavery

Press Freedom Higher is better₂₂
Pos.		2025₂₂
1	Norway	92.31
2	Estonia	89.46
3	Netherlands	88.64
	...
98	Kosovo	52.73
99	Angola	52.67
100	Mozambique	52.63
101	Mongolia	52.57
102	Guinea	52.53
103	Maldives	52.46
104	Burkina Faso	52.25
105	Zimbabwe	52.10
	Asia Avg	39.69
	World Avg	54.65
q=179. Also scored for 2000s-2010s.

Slavery in the 2020s Lower is better₂₃
Pos.		Total Per 1000₂₃
1=	Switzerland	0.50
1=	Norway	0.50
3=	Germany	0.60
	...
49=	Guinea	4.00
49=	Sudan	4.00
49=	China	4.00
49=	Mongolia	4.00
53=	Vietnam	4.10
53=	Angola	4.10
53=	Estonia	4.10
56=	Uganda	4.20
	Asia Avg	9.89
	World Avg	7.15
q=160. Also scored for 2010s-2020s.

Personal, Civil & Economic Freedom Lower is better₂₄
Pos.		2014 Rank₂₄
1	Hong Kong	1
2	Switzerland	2
3	New Zealand	3
	...
44=	Croatia	44
44=	Montenegro	44
46	Panama	46
47	Mongolia	47
48=	Bahamas	48
48=	Greece	48
50	Albania	50
51	Seychelles	51
	Asia Avg	94.6
	World Avg	79.7
q=159.

Freedom in the World Lower is better
Pos.		2024 Score
1=	Norway	1.0
1=	Canada	1.0
1=	Cape Verde	1.0
	...
42=	France	1.5
42=	St Kitts & Nevis	1.5
42=	Belize	1.5
42=	Mongolia	1.5
42=	Lithuania	1.5
42=	Liechtenstein	1.5
42=	Grenada	1.5
42=	Latvia	1.5
	Asia Avg	5.0
	World Avg	3.7
q=205. Also scored for 1970s-2010s.

Nominal Commitment to HR Higher is better₂₅
Pos.		2009 Treaties₂₅
1	Argentina	24
2=	Chile	23
2=	Costa Rica	23
	...
72=	Tunisia	18
72=	Niger	18
72=	El Salvador	18
75=	Mongolia	17
75=	Timor-Leste (E. Timor)	17
75=	Estonia	17
75=	Turkmenistan	17
75=	Turkey	17
	Asia Avg	12.7
	World Avg	15.1
q=194.

HR Treaties Lag Lower is better₂₆
Pos.		2019 Avg Yrs/Treaty₂₆
1	Ecuador	2.15
2	Uruguay	2.25
3	Tunisia	3.65
	...
30	Cyprus	5.81
31	Argentina	5.90
32	Hungary	5.91
33	Mongolia	6.26
34	Poland	6.34
35	Cape Verde	6.40
36	Venezuela	6.51
37	Italy	6.56
	Asia Avg	10.97
	World Avg	10.02
q=195.

Amnesty International's 2023-23 summary on human rights in Mongolia stated:

“NGOs faced new restrictions on their activities and those involved in protests against mining and other development projects faced imprisonment under proposed legislation. Authorities failed to protect herder communities from environmental degradation caused by mining operations. Human rights defenders were subjected to intimidation and police investigations. A national mechanism for the prevention of torture was established but torture and other ill-treatment of detainees continued to be reported.”
"The State of the World's Human Rights 2022/23" by Amnesty International (2023)₂₇

4.2. Gender Equality Datasets

#gender #gender_equality #human_rights #misogyny #politics #prejudice #women

Mongolia has made some steps towards ending gender inequality but much more needs to be done.

See:

"Religion Versus Womankind" by Vexen Crabtree (2007)

Gender Inequality Lower is better₂₈
Pos.		2022₂₈
1	Denmark	0.01
2	Norway	0.01
3	Switzerland	0.02
	...
69=	Georgia	0.28
70	Barbados	0.29
71	Argentina	0.30
72	Mongolia	0.30
73	Cuba	0.30
74	Thailand	0.31
75	Bhutan	0.33
76	Azerbaijan	0.33
	Asia Avg	0.33
	World Avg	0.34
q=166. Also scored for 1990s-2010s.

Data starts in 1998, so the 1990s average may be a little skewed due to too few datapoints.

Gender Biases Lower is better₂₉
Pos.		2022 %₂₉
1	Sweden	31.8₃₀
2	New Zealand	34.4₃₁
3	Australia	37.0₃₁
	...
57	Tunisia	96.8₃₁
58	Zambia	97.1₃₂
59	S. Africa	97.1₃₀
60	Mongolia	97.4₃₁
61	Uzbekistan	97.9₃₀
62	Kyrgyzstan	98.1₃₁
63	Palestine	98.2₃₀
64	Kuwait	98.3₃₀
	Asia Avg	94.24
	World Avg	83.93
q=88.

Year Women Can Vote Lower is better
Pos.		Total Year
1	New Zealand	1893
2	Australia	1902
3	Finland	1906
	...
27=	Georgia	1921
28	Ireland	1922
29=	Tajikistan	1924
29=	Mongolia	1924
29=	St Lucia	1924
32	Turkmenistan	1927
33	UK	1928
34	S. Africa	1930
	Asia Avg	1907
	World Avg	1930
q=189.

4.3. Prejudice Datasets

#antisemitism #freethought #homosexuality #religious_tolerance

Anti-Semite Opinions Lower is better₃₃
Pos.		2014 %₃₃
1	Laos	0
2	Philippines	3
3	Sweden	4
	...
33=	Argentina	24
33=	Mexico	24
35=	Haiti	26
35=	Mongolia	26
35=	Switzerland	26
38=	Belgium	27
38=	Germany	27
38=	Slovenia	27
	Asia Avg	48.2
	World Avg	36.8
q=101.

LGBT Equality in the 2020s Higher is better₃₄
Pos.		Total Score₃₄
1=	Germany	4.88
1=	Spain	4.88
3	Portugal	4.81
	...
105	Albania	-0.40
106	Macedonia	-0.43
107	Bahamas	-0.45
108	Mongolia	-0.48
109	Hungary	-0.50
110	Honduras	-0.51
111	Mozambique	-0.55
112	Vanuatu	-0.61
	Asia Avg	-2.88
	World Avg	-1.21
q=215. Also scored for 1970s-2020s.

Historically, it was illegal to be homosexual in Mongolia as a result of Soviet influence from 1961, and even earlier, Genghis Khan outlawed homosexual acts in the Mongol Empire, punishable by death. Same-sex marriage is constitutionally banned (since 1992), but homosexuality itself was legalized 1993. Some discrimination protections were enacted in 2017.

Actions taken at the United Nations:

⇡ In 2025, signed the UN Human Rights Council Joint statement on ending acts of violence and human rights violations based on sexual orientation and gender identity.

Freedom of Thought Lower is better₃₅
Pos.		2021₃₅
1=	Belgium	1.0
1=	Taiwan	1.0
1=	Netherlands	1.0
	...
11=	Norway	1.5
11=	Congo, (Brazzaville)	1.5
13=	Guinea-Bissau	1.7
13=	Mongolia	1.7
13=	S. Africa	1.7
16=	St Kitts & Nevis	1.8
16=	Namibia	1.8
16=	Mozambique	1.8
	Asia Avg	3.7
	World Avg	3.0
q=196.

5. Mongolia's Health

#alcohol #birth_control #demographics #health #life_expectancy #longevity #mongolia #obesity #overpopulation #parenting #population #smoking #vaccines

Compared to Asia (2025)₃₆
Pos.		Lower is better Avg Rank₃₆
1	Japan	37.3
2	Singapore	41.1
3	S. Korea	50.5
	...
29	Georgia	96.7
30	Bhutan	97.7
31	Kyrgyzstan	100.8
32	Mongolia	102.1
33	Palestine	103.9
34	Azerbaijan	103.9
35	Indonesia	104.1
36	Jordan	106.2
37	Philippines	106.3
	Asia Avg	80.90
q=50.

Health (2025)₃₆
Pos.		Lower is better Avg Rank₃₆
1	Monaco	10.3
2	Liechtenstein	30.1
3	Japan	37.3
	...
111	Kyrgyzstan	100.8
112	Guyana	100.9
113	Mexico	101.9
114	Mongolia	102.1
115	Libya	102.1
116	Kosovo	102.3
117	Niue	102.3
118	Tonga	103.3
	World Avg	97.57
q=207.

The countries with the best overall approach to public health, in terms of both public policy and individual lifestyle choices, are Monaco, Liechtenstein and Japan₃₇. These countries are worth emulating. And, although often through no fault of the average citizen, the worst countries are Angola, Somalia and S. Sudan₃₇.

42 datasets are used to calculate points for each country, including multiple decades of data on its average life expectancy, its alcohol consumption rate, its fertility rate, its smoking rate, its suicide rate, its food aid and health contributions and WHO compliance, the prevalence of overweight adults, obesity rate, its adolescent birth rate, delivery rate of infant DTP immunizations, delivery rate of 7x Infant Immunizations 2011-2015 and childhood mortality. The regions with the best average results per country are Scandinavia, Europe and The Mediterranean₃₇, whereas the worst are Africa, Micronesia and Melanesia₃₇.

For more, see:

"Countries With the Healthiest Cultures and Health Policies" by Vexen Crabtree (2025).

5.1. Health Datasets

#alcohol #birth_control #demographics #health #life_expectancy #longevity #mongolia #obesity #overpopulation #smoking #vaccines

Mongolia has some poor policies and cultural issues which cause some public health problems. Mongolia comes in the best 20 for delivery rate of 7x Infant Immunizations 2011-2015₃₈ (amongst the best in Asia). It does better than average when it comes to delivery rate of infant DTP immunizations in the 2020s₃₉ and in its adolescent birth rate₄₀. However Mongolia performs less well in most areas. It does worse than average when it comes to the prevalence of overweight adults₄₁, childhood mortality in the 2020s₄₂, its average life expectancy₁₁, its alcohol consumption rate₄₃, its food aid and health contributions and WHO compliance₄₄ (one of the highest in Asia), its smoking rate₄₅ and in its fertility rate₁₅. The prevalence of overweight adults has increased by 14% during the last 40 years. Life expectancy in Mongolia improved by +13.1yrs in the 30 years from 1990, much better than the global average of +7.9yrs. Mongolia is amongst only 41 countries who have seen their fertility rate drop by more than 4 since the 1960s. Its peak fertility rate was 7.55 in 1966.

Life Expectancy Higher is better₁₁
Pos.		2021 Years₁₁
1	Monaco	85.9
2	Hong Kong	85.5
3	Japan	84.8
	...
103	Seychelles	71.3
104	St Lucia	71.1
105	Tonga	71.0
106	Mongolia	71.0
107	Uzbekistan	70.9
108	El Salvador	70.7
109	Micronesia	70.7
110	Venezuela	70.6
	Asia Avg	73.48
	World Avg	71.28
q=195. Also scored for 1990s-2010s.

Alcohol Consumption Lower is better₄₃
Pos.		2016 Per Capita₄₃
1	Bangladesh	0.0
2	Kuwait	0.0
3	Libya	0.0
	...
106=	Niue	7.0
107=	China	7.2
107=	Paraguay	7.2
109	Mongolia	7.4
110=	Albania	7.5
110=	Burundi	7.5
110=	Italy	7.5
110=	Norway	7.5
	Asia Avg	3.9
	World Avg	6.2
q=189.

Fertility Rate 2.0 is best₁₅
Pos.		2022₁₅
1	US Virgin Islands	2.00
2	Ecuador	2.00
3	Nepal	2.01
	...
132	Djibouti	2.76
133	Italy	1.24
134	Haiti	2.77
135	Mongolia	2.77
136	Swaziland	2.79
137	Jordan	2.79
138	Kyrgyzstan	2.80
139	Aruba	1.18
	Asia Avg	2.17
	World Avg	2.47
q=208. Also scored for 1960s-2010s.

Smoking in the 2020s Lower is better₄₅
Pos.		Total %₄₅
1	Nigeria	3.3%
2	Ghana	3.4%
3	Panama	5.2%
	...
130	Spain	28.5%
131	Chile	28.8%
132	Russia	29.2%
133	Mongolia	29.6%
134	Moldova	29.7%
135	Marshall Islands	29.9%
136	Czechia	30.0%
137	Romania	30.1%
	Asia Avg	22.8%
	World Avg	20.0%
q=165. Also scored for 2000s-2020s.

Food Aid, Health Contributions & WHO Compliance Lower is better₄₄
Pos.		2017 Rank₄₄
1	Sweden	1
2	Ireland	2
3	Denmark	3
	...
127	Congo, DR	127
128	Gabon	128
129	Ivory Coast	129
130	Mongolia	130
131	Afghanistan	131
132	Suriname	132
133	Grenada	133
134	Montenegro	134
	Asia Avg	64.4
	World Avg	82.0
q=163.

Overweight Adults Lower is better₄₁
Pos.		1976 %₄₁
1	Bangladesh	4.7
2	Vietnam	5.1
3	Nepal	5.4
	...
94=	Guatemala	28.2
94=	Brazil	28.2
96	Costa Rica	28.6
97=	Mongolia	29.0
97=	Ecuador	29.0
99	Barbados	29.5
100	El Salvador	29.7
101=	Morocco	30.4
	Asia Avg	23.1
	World Avg	27.1
q=191.

Adult Obesity Lower is better₄₆
Pos.		2022 %₄₆
1	Vietnam	2.1%
2	Timor-Leste (E. Timor)	2.2%
3	Ethiopia	2.4%
	...
95	Cuba	23.5%
96	Finland	23.7%
97	Colombia	23.9%
98	Mongolia	24.0%
99	Germany	24.2%
100	Bulgaria	24.2%
101	Algeria	24.2%
102	Kyrgyzstan	24.4%
	Asia Avg	21.1%
	World Avg	24.7%
q=199. Also scored for 1990s-2010s.

5.2. Children's Health Datasets

#children's_health #health #parenting #population #vaccines

Adolescent Birth Rate Lower is better₄₀
Pos.		2022 Per 1000₄₀
1	Hong Kong	1.6
2	Denmark	1.8
3	S. Korea	2.1
	...
75	Chile	22.8
76	Mauritius	24.0
77	Jordan	24.9
78	Mongolia	25.0
79	Bahamas	25.1
80	Morocco	25.5
81	Fiji	26.1
82	Slovakia	26.6
	Asia Avg	25.9
	World Avg	43.8
q=195. Also scored for 1990s-2010s.

Infant DTP Immunizations (2020s) Higher is better₃₉
Pos.		Total Avg %₃₉
1=	Luxembourg	99.0
1=	Oman	99.0
1=	Niue	99.0
	...
60=	Egypt	96.6
60=	Poland	96.6
62=	Sweden	96.5
62=	Mongolia	96.5
64	St Vincent & Grenadines	96.4
65=	Uzbekistan	96.3
65=	Tuvalu	96.3
67	Qatar	96.1
	Asia Avg	90.6
	World Avg	88.5
q=211. Also scored for 1980s-2020s.

7x Infant Immunizations (2011-2015) Higher is better₃₈
Pos.		2015 Avg %₃₈
1=	Hungary	99.0
1=	China	99.0
3	Uzbekistan	98.9
4	Niue	98.8
5	Mongolia	98.7
6	Czechia	98.7
7	Seychelles	98.6
8	S. Korea	98.6
9	Sri Lanka	98.4
10	St Lucia	98.2
11	Bahrain	98.2
12	Iran	98.1
	Asia Avg	90.5
	World Avg	88.3
q=194.

Infant Mortality (2020s) Lower is better₄₂
Pos.		Total Per 1000₄₂
1	San Marino	2.11
2	Finland	2.59
3	Luxembourg	2.60
	...
102	Vanuatu	19.11
103	Nicaragua	19.21
104	Cape Verde	20.21
105	Mongolia	20.26
106	Venezuela	20.47
107	Suriname	20.80
108	Honduras	20.99
109	Palau	21.33
	Asia Avg	23.58
	World Avg	32.19
q=195. Also scored for 1960s-2020s.

6. Mongolia's Responsibility Towards The Environment

#bahrain #biodiversity #climate_change #deforestation #environmentalism #food #internationalism #meat #mongolia #over-exploitation #the_environment #veganism #vegetarianism

Compared to Asia (2025)₄₇
Pos.		Lower is better Avg Rank₄₇
1	Sri Lanka	34.9
2	Nepal	47.9
3	India	49.5
	...
38	Iraq	102.8
39	Lebanon	103.9
40	Bahrain	107.9
41	Mongolia	108.1
42	Armenia	108.2
43	Kyrgyzstan	108.7
44	Kazakhstan	109.8
45	Bhutan	115.3
46	Uzbekistan	116.1
	Asia Avg	86.44
q=51.

Responsibility Towards The Environment (2025)₄₇
Pos.		Lower is better Avg Rank₄₇
1	Sri Lanka	34.9
2	Uruguay	43.2
3	Switzerland	45.0
	...
165	Haiti	105.8
166	Samoa	107.0
167	Bahrain	107.9
168	Mongolia	108.1
169	Armenia	108.2
170	Suriname	108.5
171	Kyrgyzstan	108.7
172	Angola	109.5
	World Avg	84.93
q=199.

We have known for a long term that we must protect the environment from habitation destruction, over-exploitation, pollution, and the emissions that cause climate change. In 1998, Greenpeace wrote that "Environment can no longer be meaningfully separated from health, quality of life, democracy, education, economy or trade"₄₈. What countries have been doing the right thing, via legislation and national culture? All countries' current and historical approach towards the environment is gauged via 21 datasets, including multiple decades of data on its forested percent change 2000-2020, its environmental performance, energy to GDP efficiency, its sign-up rate to major international accords on protecting the environment, the rate of rational beliefs on the environment in the population, reducing annual meat consumption per person and its score on the Green Future Index.

The countries that do the best (Sri Lanka, Uruguay and Switzerland) tend to have avoided the excesses of early industrial countries, and have not yet repeated the same mistakes of environmental destruction - at least, not on the same scale. The regions with the best average results per country are Central America, South America and Scandinavia. The worst are Eritrea, The Vatican City and Timor-Leste (E. Timor), and the worst regions Micronesia, Australasia and Melanesia.

For more, see:

"Countries With the Best Environmental Records" by Vexen Crabtree (2025).

With regard to its responsibility towards the environment, Mongolia comes 168th in the world. This rank is computed using 21 data sets. Mongolia does better than average for its environmental performance₄₉. When it comes to most other metrics, Mongolia does not do well. It does worse than average in the rate of rational beliefs on the environment in the population₅₀, its sign-up rate to major international accords on protecting the environment, energy to GDP efficiency₅₁ and in its forested percent change 2000-2020₅₂. And finally, it falls into the worst-performing 20 in reducing annual meat consumption per person₅₃ (amongst the worst in Asia).

Forest Area Change 2000-2020 Higher is better₅₂
Pos.		Total₅₂
1	Guernsey	82.6%
2	Bahrain	75.2%
3	Iceland	64.7%
	...
140	Guadeloupe	-0.5%
141	Solomon Islands	-0.6%
142	Western Sahara	-0.6%
143	Mongolia	-0.6%
144	Sweden	-0.7%
145	Gabon	-0.7%
146	Guyana	-0.8%
147	Suriname	-0.9%
	Asia Avg	3.2%
	World Avg	-0.1%
q=234.

Environmental Performance Higher is better₄₉
Pos.		2018₄₉
1	Switzerland	87.4
2	France	84.0
3	Denmark	81.6
	...
80	Iran	58.2
81	Belize	57.8
82	Philippines	57.7
83	Mongolia	57.5
84=	Serbia	57.5
84=	Chile	57.5
86	Saudi Arabia	57.5
87	Ecuador	57.4
	Asia Avg	54.5
	World Avg	56.4
q=180.

Energy to GDP Efficiency Lower is better₅₁
Pos.		2022 Avg₅₁
1	Rwanda	0.25
2	Chad	0.26
3	Tanzania	0.31
	...
132	St Lucia	1.65
133	S. Korea	1.67
134	Tajikistan	1.67
135	Mongolia	1.68
136	China	1.68
137	UAE	1.73
138	Zimbabwe	1.74
139	Saudi Arabia	1.76
	Asia Avg	1.50
	World Avg	1.23
q=165. Also scored for 1960s-2010s.

From the 1980s to the 1990s, Mongolia improved its energy-to-GDP efficiency more than any other country in the world; along with Bahrain they were both significantly ahead of everyone else, achieving improvements of over 4 GDP per unit of energy consumpion, more than seen in any previous decade anywhere. It continued to make significant improvements, especially from the 2000s to the 2010s

International Accords on the Environment Higher is better
Pos.		Total Avg Rate
1	Sweden	83%
2	Canada	82%
3	Norway	81%
	...
114	Vietnam	55%
115	Malta	55%
116	Rwanda	55%
117	Mongolia	55%
118	Liberia	55%
119	Chad	55%
120	Ethiopia	55%
121	Ivory Coast	55%
	Asia Avg	55.4%
	World Avg	57.5%
q=197. Also scored for 1970s-2020s.

Mongolia was one of the 30 who signed the Convention on Biological Diversity on its first day and one of early adopters of Kyoto in 1999.

Rational Beliefs on the Environment Higher is better₅₀
Pos.		2011 %₅₀
1	Argentina	78.3%
2	Greece	77.6%
3	Brazil	77.1%
	...
70	Uganda	38.6%
71	Sierra Leone	38.6%
72	France	38.4%
73	Mongolia	38.4%
74	Hungary	38.0%
75	Mauritania	38.0%
76	Croatia	37.8%
77	Cambodia	37.1%
	Asia Avg	37.9%
	World Avg	39.9%
q=145.

Meat Consumption Lower is better₅₃
Pos.		2021 kg₅₃
1	Congo, DR	03.0
2	Burundi	03.5
3	Bangladesh	04.3
	...
178	St Vincent & Grenadines	109.5
179	Australia	110.2
180	Bahamas	111.9
181	Argentina	115.5
182	Mongolia	115.6
183	Nauru	125.9
184	USA	126.8
185	Hong Kong	146.9
	Asia Avg	46.7
	World Avg	52.5
q=185. Also scored for 2010s.

In the 2010s, meat consumption per person in Mongolia was well above the global average (of 49kgs per year) and it increased its consumption more than any other country in that period. In a world where meat production needs to reduce in order to allow more planet-friendly foodstuffs, this was a dangerous precedent.₅₃

7. Mongolia's Modernity and Learning

#education #intelligence #it_security #metric #modernity #mongolia #research #science #technology #the_internet

Compared to Asia (2025)₅₄
Pos.		Lower is better Avg Rank₅₄
1	Taiwan	25.4
2	S. Korea	25.5
3	Japan	26.8
	...
31	Sri Lanka	88.5
32	Brunei	89.6
33	Jordan	90.3
34	Mongolia	94.2
35	Saudi Arabia	95.8
36	Indonesia	96.3
37	Oman	99.4
38	Maldives	109.6
39	Palestine	113.2
	Asia Avg	83.04
q=51.

Modernity & Learning (2025)₅₄
Pos.		Lower is better Avg Rank₅₄
1	Vatican City	1.0
2	Finland	4.8
3	Belgium	8.5
	...
116	Jordan	90.3
117	Antigua & Barbuda	92.9
118	Honduras	93.2
119	Mongolia	94.2
120	Saudi Arabia	95.8
121	Indonesia	96.3
122	Kenya	97.0
123	St Vincent & Grenadines	97.3
	World Avg	80.33
q=194.

The most modern countries, with the best results from education, the highest levels of research, and with the easiest access to information on the Internet, are The Vatican City, Finland and Belgium₅₅. The worst countries are S. Sudan, Eritrea and Somalia₅₅. Despite improves in global education, access to tertiary (adult) education is becoming increasingly unequal between the rich haves and the poor have-nots₅₆.

“Education, at all levels and ages, is the single most vital support for equality as well as being a country's most vital economic and social resource. [...] Every successful aspirant to modernisation and economic development, from Japan to South Korea, China to Chile, has got there with a big emphasis on education.”
Bill Emmott (2017)₅₇

23 datasets are used to calculate points for each country, including multiple decades of data on Research and Development, Intellectual Endeavours, metric system adoption rate, Religiosity, IQ, Secondary Education, Length of Schooling, Maths, Science & Reading, the percent of citizens with access to the internet, Freedom On The Internet, IT Security, IPv6 Uptake and digital quality of life. The regions with the best average results per country are Scandinavia, Baltic States and Europe₅₅, whereas the worst are Melanesia, Africa and Micronesia₅₅.

For more, see:

" Which Countries are Most Modern, With the Best Education and Internet Access?" by Vexen Crabtree (2025).

7.1. Modernity Datasets

#intelligence #metric #research #science

Research & Development Higher is better
Pos.		2016 % RDP PPP
1	S. Korea	4.29₅₈
2	Israel	4.11₅₈
3	Japan	3.58₅₈
	...
84	Armenia	0.24₅₉
85=	Sudan	0.23₆₀
85=	Uruguay	0.23₆₁
85=	Mongolia	0.23₅₉
85=	Bermuda	0.23₅₉
89=	Togo	0.22₆₁
89=	Nigeria	0.22₆₀
91	Azerbaijan	0.21₅₉
	Asia Avg	0.75
	World Avg	0.84
q=126.

Intellectual Endeavours Lower is better₄₄
Pos.		2017 Rank₄₄
1	Ukraine	1
2	Czechia	2
3	Hungary	3
	...
128	Vietnam	128
129	Azerbaijan	129
130	Bangladesh	130
131	Mongolia	131
132	Haiti	132
133	Botswana	133
134	Suriname	134
135	Uruguay	135
	Asia Avg	97.1
	World Avg	82.0
q=163.

Metric System Adoption Rate Higher is better₆₂
Pos.		2025 %₆₂
1=	Slovakia	100
1=	Poland	100
1=	Portugal	100
	...
149=	Nepal	90
149=	Namibia	90
149=	Mozambique	90
149=	Mongolia	90
149=	Saudi Arabia	90
149=	Antigua & Barbuda	90
149=	Trinidad & Tobago	90
149=	Burkina Faso	90
	Asia Avg	90
	World Avg	92
q=187. Also scored for 1960s-2020s.

Mongolia officially adopted metric in 1916₆₃. Progression:

1960 (60%): Metric established officially; traditional units common.
1970 (75%): Standardization in commerce/education.
1980 (85%): Metric dominant officially; informal legacy persists.
2000 (90%).
2025 (90%).

IQ Higher is better₆₄
Pos.		2006₆₄
1=	Hong Kong	108
1=	Singapore	108
3	S. Korea	106
	...
7	Italy	102
8=	Iceland	101
8=	Switzerland	101
8=	Mongolia	101
11=	Netherlands	100
11=	Norway	100
11=	Austria	100
11=	UK	100
	Asia Avg	90.4
	World Avg	85.6
q=138.

7.2. Education Datasets

#education #mongolia

In the 1990s, the expected duration of education in Mongolia fell by over one year, but it increased it in the 2000s by almost 5 years, the third-highest rise of any country in that decade. ₆₅

Secondary Education Higher is better₆₆
Pos.		2018₆₆
1=	Luxembourg	100.0%
1=	Estonia	100.0%
1=	Austria	100.0%
	...
43	Denmark	89.3%
44	Israel	89.1%
45	Sweden	88.9%
46	Mongolia	88.8%
47	Bahamas	88.4%
48	Ireland	88.3%
49	Netherlands	88.3%
50	Cuba	87.4%
	Asia Avg	66.0%
	World Avg	63.0%
q=169.

Length of Schooling Higher is better₆₇
Pos.		2021 Years₆₇
1	Australia	21.1
2	New Zealand	20.3
3	Greece	20.0
	...
59	Croatia	15.1
60	Montenegro	15.1
61	Hungary	15.0
62	Mongolia	15.0
63	Ukraine	15.0
64	Bolivia	14.9
65	Mexico	14.9
66	Fiji	14.7
	Asia Avg	13.5
	World Avg	13.5
q=193. Also scored for 1990s-2010s.

7.3. Technology and Information Datasets

#it_security #modernity #mongolia #technology #the_internet

Internet Users Higher is better₆₈
Pos.		2016₆₈
1	Iceland	100%
2	Faroe Islands	99%
3	Norway	98%
	...
123	Grenada	39%
124	El Salvador	38%
125	Bhutan	37%
126	Mongolia	36%
127	India	35%
128	Kyrgyzstan	34%
129	Egypt	33%
130	Cuba	32%
	Asia Avg	48.7%
	World Avg	48.1%
q=201.

IT Security Lower is better₆₉
Pos.		2013₆₉
1=	Ireland	0.11
1=	Luxembourg	0.11
1=	Belize	0.11
	...
59	Kazakhstan	1.23
60	Djibouti	1.29
61	UK	1.34
62	Mongolia	1.42
63	Uganda	1.44
64	Ukraine	1.44
65	Nepal	1.45
66	Afghanistan	1.45
	Asia Avg	1.08
	World Avg	0.98

IPv6 Uptake Higher is better₇₀
Pos.		2017 Ratio₇₀
1	Belgium	55.4
2	Germany	41.8
3	Switzerland	35.1
	...
120=	Marshall Islands	0.0
120=	Georgia	0.0
120=	Swaziland	0.0
120=	Mongolia	0.0
120=	Samoa	0.0
120=	Albania	0.0
120=	Micronesia	0.0
120=	Algeria	0.0
	Asia Avg	2.11
	World Avg	3.82
q=176.

Digital Quality of Life Higher is better₇₁
Pos.		2024₇₁
1	Germany	77.9%
2	Finland	76.9%
3	France	73.9%
	...
89	Kenya	37.4%
90	Sri Lanka	36.3%
91	Angola	34.9%
92	Mongolia	34.6%
93	Senegal	34.4%
94	Ivory Coast	34.0%
95	Pakistan	33.5%
96	Algeria	33.2%
	Asia Avg	46.4%
	World Avg	48.4%
q=121.

Mongolia has the lowest quality internet access of 121 countries analysed₇₂.

8. Mongolia's Culture, Peace and Inequality

#capitalism #charity #corruption #economics #extremism #happiness #health #human_development #inequality #internationalism #life_expectancy #morals #peace #politics #poverty #religious_violence #social_development #terrorism

8.1. National Culture Datasets

#charity #corruption #happiness #internationalism #morals #politics

World Giving Index Higher is better₇₃
Pos.		2022 %₇₃
1	Indonesia	68.0
2	Kenya	61.0
3	USA	59.0
	...
25=	Russia	46.0
25=	Iceland	46.0
25=	Honduras	46.0
25=	Mongolia	46.0
25=	Denmark	46.0
25=	Uganda	46.0
31=	Bahrain	45.0
31=	Malta	45.0
	Asia Avg	37.9
	World Avg	39.6
q=125. Also scored for 2010s.

Corruption Higher is better₇₄
Pos.		2022 Points₇₄
1	Denmark	90.0
2=	Finland	87.0
2=	New Zealand	87.0
	...
114=	Bosnia & Herzegovina	34.0
114=	Nepal	34.0
116=	Ukraine	33.0
116=	Mongolia	33.0
116=	El Salvador	33.0
116=	Zambia	33.0
116=	Algeria	33.0
116=	Angola	33.0
	Asia Avg	39.98
	World Avg	42.98
q=180. Also scored for 1990s-2010s.

Happiness Higher is better₇₅
Pos.		2024 Score₇₅
1	Finland	7.7
2	Denmark	7.5
3	Iceland	7.5
	...
74	Bolivia	5.9
75	Kyrgyzstan	5.9
76	Dominican Rep.	5.8
77	Mongolia	5.8
78	Mauritius	5.8
79	Libya	5.8
80	Moldova	5.8
81	Greece	5.8
	Asia Avg	5.41
	World Avg	5.58
q=147. Also scored for 2010s.

Creativity & Culture Lower is better₄₄
Pos.		2017 Rank₄₄
1	Belgium	1
2	Netherlands	2
3	Estonia	3
	...
93	Tunisia	93
94	Papua New Guinea	94
95	Belarus	95
96	Mongolia	96
97	Madagascar	97
98	Bolivia	98
99	El Salvador	99
100	Nicaragua	100
	Asia Avg	99.0
	World Avg	82.0
q=163.

Passport Reach (2020s) Higher is better₇₆
Pos.		Total Q₇₆
1	Singapore	192.2
2	Japan	192.0
3	S. Korea	190.7
	...
135=	Kyrgyzstan	63.3
135=	Cuba	63.3
137=	Benin	62.5
137=	Mongolia	62.5
139	Mozambique	62.3
140	Rwanda	62.2
141	Sao Tome & Principe	60.5
142	Uzbekistan	59.0
	Asia Avg	85.1
	World Avg	108.8
q=195. Also scored for 2000s-2020s.

Open Trading, Aid & Development Lower is better₄₄
Pos.		2017 Rank₄₄
1	Ireland	1
2	Denmark	2
3	Sweden	3
	...
30	Burkina Faso	30
31	Lebanon	31
32	Barbados	32
33	Mongolia	33
34	Spain	34
35	UK	35
36	Italy	36
37	Estonia	37
	Asia Avg	86.3
	World Avg	82.0
q=163.

8.2. Peace Versus Instability Datasets

#extremism #human_development #peace #politics #religious_violence #terrorism

Global Peace Index Lower is better₇₇
Pos.		2023 Score₇₇
1	Iceland	1.12
2	Denmark	1.31
3	Ireland	1.31
	...
41=	Albania	1.75
42	Botswana	1.76
43	S. Korea	1.76
44	Mongolia	1.77
45	Montenegro	1.77
46	Laos	1.78
47	Sierra Leone	1.79
48	Oman	1.79
	Asia Avg	2.17
	World Avg	2.07
q=163. Also scored for 2010s.

Peacekeeping & Security Lower is better₄₄
Pos.		2017 Rank₄₄
1	Samoa	1
2	S. Africa	2
3	Tunisia	3
	...
25	Madagascar	25
26	Sri Lanka	26
27	Netherlands	27
28	Mongolia	28
29	Rwanda	29
30	Paraguay	30
31	Jordan	31
32	India	32
	Asia Avg	76.0
	World Avg	82.0
q=163.

Refugees & UN Treaties Lower is better₄₄
Pos.		2017 Rank₄₄
1	Austria	1
2	Germany	2
3	Netherlands	3
	...
138	Cambodia	138
139	Mali	139
140	Haiti	140
141	Mongolia	141
142	Syria	142
143	Mauritania	143
144	Rwanda	144
145	Chad	145
	Asia Avg	92.2
	World Avg	82.0
q=163.

Impact of Terrorism Lower is better₇₈
Pos.		2019 Score₇₈
1	Togo	0.00
2	Mongolia	0.00
3	Swaziland	0.00
4	Equatorial Guinea	0.00
5	Cambodia	0.00
6	Portugal	0.00
7	Croatia	0.00
8	Benin	0.00
9	Mauritania	0.00
10	Slovenia	0.00
11	Costa Rica	0.00
12	Romania	0.00
	Asia Avg	3.60
	World Avg	2.78
q=150.

8.3. Economic Inequality and Poverty Datasets

#capitalism #economics #health #inequality #life_expectancy #poverty #social_development

Poverty (2020s) Lower is better₇₉
Pos.		Total %₇₉
1	Malaysia	0.01%
2	Bhutan	0.01%
3	Cyprus	0.02%
	...
27	Estonia	0.39%
28	Portugal	0.40%
29	Tonga	0.41%
30	Mongolia	0.44%
31	Slovakia	0.45%
32	Latvia	0.47%
33	UK	0.50%
34	Iraq	0.55%
	Asia Avg	3.54%
	World Avg	11.40%
q=106. Also scored for 1980s-2020s.

Inequality in Life Expectancy Lower is better₈₀
Pos.		2019₈₀
1	Iceland	2.40
2=	Singapore	2.50
2=	Hong Kong	2.50
	...
102=	Syria	13.00
102=	Morocco	13.00
104=	Nicaragua	13.10
104=	Mongolia	13.10
106	Honduras	13.30
107	Paraguay	13.80
108=	Uzbekistan	13.90
108=	Indonesia	13.90
	Asia Avg	11.80
	World Avg	14.59
q=184.

Income Inequality (Gini Coefficient) Lower is better₈₁
Pos.		2023 %₈₁
1	Slovakia	24.1%₈₂
2	Slovenia	24.3%₈₂
3	Belarus	24.4%₈₃
	...
38=	Austria	30.7%₈₂
39	Uzbekistan	31.2%₈₄
40	Cyprus	31.3%₈₂
41=	Mongolia	31.4%₈₄
41=	Malta	31.4%₈₃
43	France	31.5%₈₂
44	Taiwan	31.6%₈₂
45	Canada	31.7%₈₅
	Asia Avg	33.0%
	World Avg	36.5%
q=167. Also scored for 1980s-2010s.

Multidimensional Poverty Lower is better₈₆
Pos.		2018 Severity₈₆
1	Armenia	.001
2	Ukraine	.001
3	Serbia	.001
	...
39	El Salvador	.032
40	Iraq	.033
41	Suriname	.041
42	Mongolia	.042
43	Peru	.053
44	Gabon	.066
45	Nicaragua	.074
46	Swaziland	.081
	Asia Avg	.084
	World Avg	.154
q=101.

9. Religion and Beliefs

#belief #buddhism #christianity #god #hinduism #islam #judaism #religion

Disbelief In God (2007)₈₇
Pos.		Higher is better %₈₇
1	Vietnam	81
2	Japan	65
3	Sweden	64
	...
23=	Canada	22
24=	Latvia	20
24=	Ukraine	20
24=	Mongolia	20
27	Austria	18
28=	Slovakia	17
28=	Switzerland	17
28=	Belarus	17
31=	Greece	16
31=	Iceland	16
33=	Spain	15
33=	Israel	15
35	Armenia	14
36=	Lithuania	13
36=	Singapore	13
38=	Kazakhstan	12
	World Avg	9.9
q=137.

Pew Forum polling over the decades has found the following adherency rates:₈₈:

	2010	2020
Buddhist	53.9%	51.1%
Unaffiliated	37.4%	40.8%
Muslim	3.3%	3.53%
Other	3.22%	3.17%
Christian	2.15%	1.34%
Hindu	<0.1%	<0.1%
Jewish	None	None

The CIA World Factbook has slightly different data, and states: Buddhist Lamaist 50%, Shamanist and Christian 6%, Muslim 4%, none 40% (2004)₈₉.

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