Mongolia

https://www.humantruth.info/mongolia.html

By Vexen Crabtree 2013

Mongolia
Status	Independent State
Social and Moral Index	93rd best
Capital	Ulaanbaatar
Land Area	1 553 560km²₁
Location	Asia
Population	3.2m₂
Life Expectancy	70.98yrs (2017)₃
GNI	$10 588 (2017)₄
ISO3166-1 Codes	MN, MNG, 496₅
Internet Domain	.mn₆
Currency	Tugrik (MNT)₇
Telephone	+976₈

1. Overview

“The Mongols gained fame in the 13th century when under Chinggis KHAAN they established a huge Eurasian empire through conquest. After his death the empire was divided into several powerful Mongol states, but these broke apart in the 14th century. The Mongols eventually retired to their original steppe homelands and in the late 17th century came under Chinese rule. Mongolia won its independence in 1921 with Soviet backing and a Communist regime was installed in 1924. The modern country of Mongolia, however, represents only part of the Mongols' historical homeland; more ethnic Mongolians live in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in the People's Republic of China than in Mongolia. Following a peaceful democratic revolution, the ex-Communist Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP) won elections in 1990 and 1992, but was defeated by the Democratic Union Coalition (DUC) in the 1996 parliamentary election. The MPRP won an overwhelming majority in the 2000 parliamentary election, but the party lost seats in the 2004 election and shared power with democratic coalition parties from 2004-08. The MPRP regained a solid majority in the 2008 parliamentary elections but nevertheless formed a coalition government with the Democratic Party that lasted until January 2012. In 2009, current President ELBEGDORJ of the Democratic Party was elected to office. In 2010, the MPRP voted to retake the name of the Mongolian People's Party (MPP), a name it used in the early 1920s. Shortly thereafter, a new party was formed by former president ENKHBAYAR, which adopted the MPRP name. In the 2012 Parliamentary elections, a coalition of four political parties led by the Democratic Party, gained control of the Parliament.”
CIA's The World Factbook (2013)₉

“Mongolia is an unspoiled wonder, a land where sand dunes sing, horses roam wild and nomadic herders greet strangers with open doors. Keep your itinerary loose and expect the unexpected. Mongolia. The word alone stirs up visions of nomadic herders, thundering horses and, of course, the warrior-emperor Genghis Khan. The Mongols conquered half the known world in the 13th century and while their empire is long gone, visitors are still drawn to this magical land.
Mongolians know they live in a unique country. Ask anyone and they will probably start gushing about the vast steppes, rugged mountains and clear lakes. Just as appealing is Mongolia´s nomadic culture, still going strong in the 21st century. The chance to sleep in a ger, help herd the sheep and milk a cow is one of the ultimate `back to basics´ experiences, made possible only because of the tremendous hospitality that exists here.
There are few countries in the world, however, with such a stark difference between the rural and urban populations. While nomadic Mongols live the simple life, their cousins in Ulaanbaatar are lurching headlong into the future. The capital is changing at a dizzying pace as Mongolia rushes to be part of the global community.”
"The World" by Lonely Planet (2014)₁₀

2. Mongolia National and Social Development

#economics #human_development #wealth

UN HDI (2021)₁₁
Pos.		Higher is better Value₁₁
1	Switzerland	0.962
2	Norway	0.961
3	Iceland	0.959
	...
93=	Turkmenistan	0.745
93=	Algeria	0.745
95	Ecuador	0.740
96	Mongolia	0.739
97=	Egypt	0.731
97=	Tunisia	0.731
99	Fiji	0.730
100=	Suriname	0.730
	Asia Avg	0.75
	World Avg	0.72
q=191.

Gross National Income Per-Capita (2021)₁₁
Pos.		Higher is better PPP $₁₁
1	Liechtenstein	$146 830
2	Singapore	$90 919
3	Qatar	$87 134
	...
103	Dominica	$11 488
104	Indonesia	$11 466
105	Algeria	$10 800
106	Mongolia	$10 588
107	Ecuador	$10 312
108	Tunisia	$10 258
109	Fiji	$9 980
110	Iraq	$9 977
	Asia Avg	$22 215
	World Avg	$20 136
q=193.

Social & Moral Development Index₁₂
Pos.		Lower is better Avg Rank₁₂
1	Denmark	27.4
2	Norway	27.6
3	Sweden	30.4
	...
90	Fiji	85.9
91	Kuwait	86.3
92	Vietnam	86.4
93	Mongolia	86.8
94	Dominican Rep.	86.9
95	Russia	87.7
96	St Lucia	88.0
97	Philippines	88.1
	Asia Avg	92.0
	World Avg	89.7
q=198.

The United Nations produces an annual Human Development Report which includes the Human Development Index. The factors taken into account include life expectancy, education and schooling and Gross National Income (GNI) amongst many others..

The Social and Moral Development Index concentrates on moral issues and human rights, violence, public health, equality, tolerance, freedom and effectiveness in climate change mitigation and environmentalism, and on some technological issues. A country scores higher for achieving well in those areas, and for sustaining that achievement in the long term. Those countries towards the top of this index can truly said to be setting good examples and leading humankind onwards into a bright, humane, and free future. See: Which are the Best Countries in the World? The Social and Moral Development Index.

3. Mongolia's Demographics and Migration

#birth_control #demographics #fertility #health #immigration #life_expectancy #longevity #migration #overpopulation #population #yemen

Population:

Mongolia's population is predicted to rise to 3.524 million by 2030. This country has a fertility rate of 2.77. The fertility rate is, in simple terms, the average amount of children that each woman has. The higher the figure, the quicker the population will grow, although, to calculate the rate you also need to take into account morbidity - the rate at which people die. If people live healthy and long lives and morbidity is low, then, 2.0 approximates to the replacement rate (two new children for each set of parents who die), which would keep the population stable. If all countries had such a fertility rate, population growth would end. The actual replacement rate in most developed countries is around 2.1. The highest fertility rate ever detected in a single year was in Yemen in 1985, at 8.86.₁₃

Population₂
Pos.		2018 Population₂
1	China	1.4b
2	India	1.4b
3	USA	327.1m
	...
132	Eritrea	3.5m
133	Uruguay	3.4m
134	Bosnia & Herzegovina	3.3m
135	Mongolia	3.2m
136	Armenia	3.0m
137	Jamaica	2.9m
138	Albania	2.9m
139	Lithuania	2.8m
	World Avg	39.0m
q=195.

Life Expectancy Higher is better₁₁
Pos.		2021 Years₁₁
1	Monaco	85.9
2	Hong Kong	85.5
3	Japan	84.8
	...
103	Seychelles	71.3
104	St Lucia	71.1
105	Tonga	71.0
106	Mongolia	71.0
107	Uzbekistan	70.9
108	El Salvador	70.7
109	Micronesia	70.7
110	Venezuela	70.6
	World Avg	71.28
q=195.

Fertility Rate 2.0 is best₁₄
Pos.		2022₁₄
1	US Virgin Islands	2.00
2	Ecuador	2.00
3	Nepal	2.01
	...
132	Djibouti	2.76
133	Italy	1.24
134	Haiti	2.77
135	Mongolia	2.77
136	Swaziland	2.79
137	Jordan	2.79
138	Kyrgyzstan	2.80
139	Aruba	1.18
	World Avg	2.47
q=208.

Old-Age Dependency Ratio Lower is better₁₅
Pos.		2016 Per 100₁₅
1	Uganda	04.3
2	Mali	04.5
3=	Chad	04.7
	...
79	Honduras	11.0
80=	Turkmenistan	11.0
80=	Maldives	11.0
82	Mongolia	11.8
83=	Uzbekistan	11.9
83=	Tonga	11.9
85	Kyrgyzstan	12.1
86	Indonesia	12.4
	World Avg	18.3
q=185.

Migration:

Immigrants₁₆
Pos.		2017 %₁₆
1	UAE	88.4%
2	Kuwait	75.5%
3	Qatar	65.2%
	...
166	Nicaragua	0.7%
167	Nigeria	0.6%
168	Algeria	0.6%
169	Mongolia	0.6%
170	Tunisia	0.5%
171	Egypt	0.5%
172	Guatemala	0.5%
173	Cambodia	0.5%
	World Avg	9.4%
q=195.

Emigrants₁₇
Pos.		2010 %₁₇
1	Dominica	104.8%
2	Palestine	68.4%
3	Samoa	67.3%
	...
169	N. Korea	1.3%
170	Thailand	1.2%
171	UAE	1.2%
172	Mongolia	1.2%
173	Kenya	1.1%
174	Indonesia	1.1%
175	Myanmar (Burma)	1.0%
176	Solomon Islands	1.0%
	World Avg	11.5%
q=192.

4. Mongolia's Human Rights, Equality & Tolerance

#antisemitism #equality #freedom #freethought #gender #gender_equality #homosexuality #human_rights #international_law #mass_media #misogyny #mongolia #morals #politics #prejudice #religious_tolerance #slavery #tolerance #women

Mongolia practices conscription, which involves a mandatory period of service in the military. But the Walk Free Foundation reports that this sometimes becomes slave labour as some 'conscripts' are assigned to lengthy and arduous work which is clearly non-military in nature₁₈ such as public infrastructure and civil construction work.

Compared to Asia (2025)₁₉
Pos.		Lower is better Avg Rank₁₉
1	Taiwan	23.7
2	Japan	38.8
3	Cyprus	42.8
4	S. Korea	46.0
5	Hong Kong	46.8
6	Mongolia	58.8
7	Georgia	67.8
8	Armenia	74.5
9	Philippines	80.0
10	Israel	82.6
11	Kyrgyzstan	86.3
12	Turkey	86.7
13	Singapore	89.2
	Asia Avg	103.0
q=52.

Human Rights, Equality & Tolerance (2025)₁₉
Pos.		Lower is better Avg Rank₁₉
1	Sweden	8.5
2	Denmark	13.5
3	Norway	13.5
	...
45	Peru	56.4
46	Croatia	57.6
47	Greece	57.6
48	Mongolia	58.8
49	Panama	59.1
50	Mexico	59.8
51	Ecuador	60.3
52	Albania	62.0
	World Avg	87.8
q=200.

The best countries in the world at ensuring human rights, fostering equality and promoting tolerance, are Sweden, Denmark and Norway₂₀. These countries are displaying the best traits that humanity has to offer. The worst countries are Somalia, The Vatican City and Sudan₂₀.

The data sets used to calculate points for each country are statistics on supporting press freedom, eliminating modern slavery, supporting personal, civil & economic freedoms, its average Freedom in the World rating, commentary in Human Rights Watch reports, its nominal commitment to Human Rights, speed of uptake of HR treaties, opposing gender inequality, the rate of gender bias (from 7 indicators), the year from which women could participate in democracy, its success in fighting anti-semitic prejudice, LGBT equality and freethought. The regions with the best average results per country are Scandinavia, Baltic States and Europe₂₀, whereas the worst are Melanesia, The Middle East and Micronesia₂₀.

For more, see:

" Which are the Best Countries for Human Rights, Equality and Tolerance?" by Vexen Crabtree (2025).

Human Rights & Tolerance:

Press Freedom Lower is better₂₁
Pos.		2013₂₁
1	Finland	638
2	Netherlands	648
3	Norway	652
	...
94	Guatemala	2939
95	Ivory Coast	2977
96	Liberia	2989
97	Mongolia	2993
98	Mali	3003
99	Georgia	3009
100	Lebanon	3015
101	Albania	3088
	Asia Avg	4378
	World Avg	3249
q=178.

Slavery Lower is better₂₂
Pos.		2018 % Victims₂₂
1	Japan	0.03
2=	Canada	0.05
2=	Taiwan	0.05
	...
152	Rwanda	1.16
153=	Chad	1.20
153=	Sudan	1.20
155	Mongolia	1.23
156	Congo, DR	1.37
157	Somalia	1.55
158	Iran	1.62
159=	Cambodia	1.68
	Asia Avg	0.79
	World Avg	0.65
q=167.

Personal, Civil & Economic Freedom Lower is better₂₃
Pos.		2014 Rank₂₃
1	Hong Kong	1
2	Switzerland	2
3	New Zealand	3
	...
44=	Croatia	44
44=	Montenegro	44
46	Panama	46
47	Mongolia	47
48=	Bahamas	48
48=	Greece	48
50	Albania	50
51	Seychelles	51
	Asia Avg	94.6
	World Avg	79.7
q=159.

Freedom in the World Lower is better
Pos.		2024 Score
1=	Norway	1.0
1=	Canada	1.0
1=	Cape Verde	1.0
	...
42	France	1.5
43=	St Kitts & Nevis	1.5
43=	Belize	1.5
43=	Mongolia	1.5
43=	Lithuania	1.5
43=	Liechtenstein	1.5
43=	Grenada	1.5
43=	Latvia	1.5
	Asia Avg	5.0
	World Avg	3.7
q=205.

Nominal Commitment to HR Higher is better₂₄
Pos.		2009 Treaties₂₄
1	Argentina	24
2=	Chile	23
2=	Costa Rica	23
	...
72	Tunisia	18
73=	Niger	18
73=	El Salvador	18
75	Mongolia	17
76=	Timor-Leste (E. Timor)	17
76=	Estonia	17
76=	Turkmenistan	17
76=	Turkey	17
	Asia Avg	12.7
	World Avg	15.1
q=194.

HR Treaties Lag Lower is better₂₅
Pos.		2019 Avg Yrs/Treaty₂₅
1	Ecuador	2.15
2	Uruguay	2.25
3	Tunisia	3.65
	...
30	Cyprus	5.81
31	Argentina	5.90
32	Hungary	5.91
33	Mongolia	6.26
34	Poland	6.34
35	Cape Verde	6.40
36	Venezuela	6.51
37	Italy	6.56
	Asia Avg	10.97
	World Avg	10.02
q=195.

Amnesty International's 2023-23 summary on human rights in Mongolia stated:

“NGOs faced new restrictions on their activities and those involved in protests against mining and other development projects faced imprisonment under proposed legislation. Authorities failed to protect herder communities from environmental degradation caused by mining operations. Human rights defenders were subjected to intimidation and police investigations. A national mechanism for the prevention of torture was established but torture and other ill-treatment of detainees continued to be reported.”
"The State of the World's Human Rights 2022/23" by Amnesty International (2023)₂₆

Gender Equality:

Mongolia is on the way towards ending gender inequality but women are still in an unfavourable position much of the time.

See:

"Religion Versus Womankind" by Vexen Crabtree

Gender Inequality Lower is better₂₇
Pos.		2015₂₇
1	Switzerland	0.04
2	Denmark	0.04
3	Netherlands	0.04
	...
50	Saudi Arabia	0.26
51	Albania	0.27
52	Russia	0.27
53	Mongolia	0.28
54	Oman	0.28
55	Uruguay	0.28
56	Ukraine	0.28
57	Uzbekistan	0.29
	Asia Avg	0.36
	World Avg	0.36
q=159.

Gender Biases Lower is better₂₈
Pos.		2022 %₂₈
1	Sweden	31.8₂₉
2	New Zealand	34.4₃₀
3	Australia	37.0₃₀
	...
57	Tunisia	96.8₃₀
58	Zambia	97.1₃₁
59	S. Africa	97.1₂₉
60	Mongolia	97.4₃₀
61	Uzbekistan	97.9₂₉
62	Kyrgyzstan	98.1₃₀
63	Palestine	98.2₂₉
64	Kuwait	98.3₂₉
	Asia Avg	94.24
	World Avg	83.93
q=88.

Year Women Can Vote Lower is better
Pos.		Total Year
1	New Zealand	1893
2	Australia	1902
3	Finland	1906
	...
27=	Georgia	1921
28	Ireland	1922
29=	Tajikistan	1924
29=	Mongolia	1924
29=	St Lucia	1924
32	Turkmenistan	1927
33	UK	1928
34	S. Africa	1930
	Asia Avg	1907
	World Avg	1930
q=189.

Prejudice:

Anti-Semite Opinions Lower is better₃₂
Pos.		2014 %₃₂
1	Laos	0
2	Philippines	3
3	Sweden	4
	...
33=	Argentina	24
33=	Mexico	24
35	Haiti	26
36=	Mongolia	26
36=	Switzerland	26
38	Belgium	27
39=	Germany	27
39=	Slovenia	27
	Asia Avg	48.2
	World Avg	36.8
q=101.

LGBT Equality Higher is better₃₃
Pos.		2017 Score₃₃
1	Netherlands	103
2	Belgium	90
3	Sweden	86
	...
66=	Taiwan	25
66=	Chile	25
66=	Ukraine	25
66=	Mongolia	25
66=	Liechtenstein	25
66=	Macedonia	25
66=	Cape Verde	25
66=	Moldova	25
	Asia Avg	-02.1
	World Avg	12.6
q=196.

Freedom of Thought Lower is better₃₄
Pos.		2021₃₄
1=	Belgium	1.0
1=	Netherlands	1.0
1=	Taiwan	1.0
	...
10	Congo, (Brazzaville)	1.5
11=	Sweden	1.5
11=	Norway	1.5
13	Mongolia	1.7
14=	Guinea-Bissau	1.7
14=	S. Africa	1.7
16	S. Korea	1.8
17=	Albania	1.8
	Asia Avg	3.7
	World Avg	3.0
q=196.

5. Mongolia's Health

#alcohol #birth_control #demographics #health #life_expectancy #longevity #mongolia #obesity #overpopulation #parenting #population #smoking #vaccines

Compared to Asia (2020)₃₅
Pos.		Lower is better Avg Rank₃₅
1	Maldives	41.7
2	Sri Lanka	43.1
3	Malaysia	53.1
	...
36	Pakistan	92.4
37=	Georgia	93.4
38	Kyrgyzstan	94.1
39=	Mongolia	94.6
40	Azerbaijan	96.9
41	Palestine	101.5
42=	Timor-Leste (E. Timor)	101.9
43	Syria	102.3
44	Kazakhstan	103.8
	Asia Avg	80.9
q=50.

Health (2020)₃₅
Pos.		Lower is better Avg Rank₃₅
1	Monaco	13.0
2	Maldives	41.7
3	Sri Lanka	43.1
	...
101	Burundi	94.4
102	San Marino	94.5
103=	Albania	94.6
103=	Mongolia	94.6
105	Suriname	94.8
106=	St Lucia	95.3
106=	Algeria	95.3
106=	Mexico	95.3
	World Avg	95.1
q=198.

The countries with the best overall approach to public health, in terms of both public policy and individual lifestyle choices, are Monaco, The Maldives and Sri Lanka₃₆. These countries are worth emulating. And, although often through no fault of the average citizen, the worst countries are S. Sudan, The Marshall Islands and Nigeria₃₆.

The data sets used to calculate points for each country are its average life expectancy, its alcohol consumption rate, its fertility rate, its smoking rate, its suicide rate, its food aid and health contributions and WHO compliance, the prevalence of overweight adults, its adolescent birth rate and its immunizations take-up. The regions with the best average results per country are Scandinavia, Asia and The Mediterranean₃₆, whereas the worst are Micronesia, Africa and Australasia₃₆.

For more, see:

"Countries With the Healthiest Cultures and Health Policies" by Vexen Crabtree (2020).

Health:

Mongolia has some poor policies and cultural issues which cause some public health problems. Mongolia comes in the best 20 in terms of its immunizations take-up₃₇ (amongst the highest in Asia). It does better than average in terms of its adolescent birth rate₂₇. But that's it. Mongolia has problems. It does worse than average for its average life expectancy₁₁, its alcohol consumption rate₃₈, its smoking rate₃₉, its food aid and health contributions and WHO compliance₄₀ (one of the worst in Asia) and in its fertility rate₁₄. The prevalence of overweight adults has increased by 14% over the past 40 years. Life expectancy in Mongolia improved by +13.1yrs in the 30 years from 1990, much better than the global average of +7.9yrs. Mongolia is amongst only 41 countries who have seen their fertility rate drop by more than 4 since the 1960s. Its peak fertility rate was 7.55 in 1966.

Life Expectancy Higher is better₁₁
Pos.		2021 Years₁₁
1	Monaco	85.9
2	Hong Kong	85.5
3	Japan	84.8
	...
103	Seychelles	71.3
104	St Lucia	71.1
105	Tonga	71.0
106	Mongolia	71.0
107	Uzbekistan	70.9
108	El Salvador	70.7
109	Micronesia	70.7
110	Venezuela	70.6
	Asia Avg	73.48
	World Avg	71.28
q=195.

Alcohol Consumption Lower is better₃₈
Pos.		2016 Per Capita₃₈
1	Bangladesh	0.0
2	Kuwait	0.0
3	Libya	0.0
	...
106=	Niue	7.0
107	China	7.2
108=	Paraguay	7.2
109	Mongolia	7.4
110=	Albania	7.5
110=	Burundi	7.5
110=	Italy	7.5
110=	Norway	7.5
	Asia Avg	3.9
	World Avg	6.2
q=189.

Fertility Rate 2.0 is best₁₄
Pos.		2022₁₄
1	US Virgin Islands	2.00
2	Ecuador	2.00
3	Nepal	2.01
	...
132	Djibouti	2.76
133	Italy	1.24
134	Haiti	2.77
135	Mongolia	2.77
136	Swaziland	2.79
137	Jordan	2.79
138	Kyrgyzstan	2.80
139	Aruba	1.18
	Asia Avg	2.17
	World Avg	2.47
q=208.

Smoking Rates Lower is better₃₉
Pos.		2014₃₉
1	Guinea	15
2	Solomon Islands	26
3	Kiribati	28
	...
116	Chile	930
117	Ireland	954
118	Australia	956
119	Mongolia	957
120	Bahrain	969
121	France	993
122	Brunei	1 023
123	Algeria	1 024
	Asia Avg	1 035
	World Avg	819
q=182.

Food Aid, Health Contributions & WHO Compliance Lower is better₄₀
Pos.		2017 Rank₄₀
1	Sweden	1
2	Ireland	2
3	Denmark	3
	...
127	Congo, DR	127
128	Gabon	128
129	Ivory Coast	129
130	Mongolia	130
131	Afghanistan	131
132	Suriname	132
133	Grenada	133
134	Montenegro	134
	Asia Avg	64.4
	World Avg	82.0
q=163.

Overweight Adults Lower is better₄₁
Pos.		2016 %₄₁
1	Vietnam	18.3
2	India	19.7
3	Bangladesh	20.0
	...
97=	Solomon Islands	55.0
98	Denmark	55.4
99	Jamaica	55.5
100	Mongolia	55.6
101=	Honduras	55.8
101=	Estonia	55.8
103	Guatemala	55.9
104	Ecuador	56.0
	Asia Avg	44.3
	World Avg	49.0
q=191.

Children's Health:

Adolescent Birth Rate Lower is better₂₇
Pos.		2015 Per 1000₂₇
1	N. Korea	0.5
2	S. Korea	1.6
3	Switzerland	2.9
	...
49	Sri Lanka	14.8
50	Micronesia	15.0
51	Tonga	15.2
52	Mongolia	15.7
53	Turkmenistan	16.4
54	Myanmar (Burma)	16.5
55	Malta	16.6
56	Kiribati	17.2
	Asia Avg	29.9
	World Avg	47.9
q=185.

Infant Immunizations 2011-2015 Higher is better₃₇
Pos.		2015 Avg %₃₇
1=	Hungary	99.0
1=	China	99.0
3	Uzbekistan	98.9
4	Niue	98.8
5	Mongolia	98.7
6	Czechia	98.7
7	Seychelles	98.6
8	S. Korea	98.6
9	Sri Lanka	98.4
10	St Lucia	98.2
11	Bahrain	98.2
12	Iran	98.1
	Asia Avg	90.5
	World Avg	88.3
q=194.

6. Mongolia's Responsibility Towards The Environment

#biodiversity #climate_change #deforestation #food #meat #mongolia #over-exploitation #the_environment #veganism #vegetarianism

Compared to Asia (2023)₄₂
Pos.		Lower is better Avg Rank₄₂
1	Japan	33.2
2	Philippines	45.0
3	Sri Lanka	49.0
	...
20	Iran	82.6
21	Hong Kong	83.3
22	Vietnam	83.8
23	Mongolia	84.8
24	China	85.2
25	Cambodia	90.0
26	Thailand	90.4
27	Syria	91.0
28	Israel	92.0
	Asia Avg	88.8
q=51.

Responsibility Towards The Environment (2023)₄₂
Pos.		Lower is better Avg Rank₄₂
1	Japan	33.2
2	Philippines	45.0
3	Uruguay	48.0
	...
94=	Sudan	83.5
95	Bolivia	83.8
96	Vietnam	83.8
97	Mongolia	84.8
98	China	85.2
99	Panama	85.3
100	Slovenia	85.5
101	Benin	85.8
	World Avg	85.7
q=188.

Mongolia ranks 97th in the world in terms of its responsibility towards the environment. This rank is calculated from 6 data sets. Mongolia does the best in terms of how quickly it ratified the 1993 Convention on Biological Diversity. It does better than average when it comes to its environmental performance₄₃. However Mongolia performs less well in most areas. It does worse than average when it comes to the rate of rational beliefs on the environment in the population₄₄, energy to GDP efficiency₄₅ and in its forested percent change 2000-2020₄₆. And finally, it falls into the worst-performing 20 in reducing annual meat consumption per person₄₇ (one of the worst in Asia).

Forest Area Change 2000-2020 Higher is better₄₆
Pos.		Total₄₆
1	Guernsey	82.6%
2	Bahrain	75.2%
3	Iceland	64.7%
	...
140	Guadeloupe	-0.5%
141	Solomon Islands	-0.6%
142	Western Sahara	-0.6%
143	Mongolia	-0.6%
144	Sweden	-0.7%
145	Gabon	-0.7%
146	Guyana	-0.8%
147	Suriname	-0.9%
	Asia Avg	3.2%
	World Avg	-0.1%
q=234.

Environmental Performance Higher is better₄₃
Pos.		2018₄₃
1	Switzerland	87.4
2	France	84.0
3	Denmark	81.6
	...
80	Iran	58.2
81	Belize	57.8
82	Philippines	57.7
83	Mongolia	57.5
84=	Serbia	57.5
84=	Chile	57.5
86	Saudi Arabia	57.5
87	Ecuador	57.4
	Asia Avg	54.5
	World Avg	56.4
q=180.

Energy to GDP Efficiency Higher is better₄₅
Pos.		2014₄₅
1	Hong Kong	26.32
2	Sri Lanka	20.00
3	Panama	17.86
	...
90=	Oman	06.29
90=	S. Korea	06.29
92	Estonia	06.13
93	Mongolia	06.06
94=	Belarus	05.81
94=	Niger	05.81
96	Zambia	05.71
97	Canada	05.56
	Asia Avg	09.14
	World Avg	09.29
q=119.

Convention on Biological Diversity Earlier is better
Pos.		Total Signed
1=	China	1993 Dec 29
1=	Guinea	1993 Dec 29
1=	Cook Islands	1993 Dec 29
	...
11=	Seychelles	1993 Dec 29
11=	Mauritius	1993 Dec 29
11=	Antigua & Barbuda	1993 Dec 29
11=	Mongolia	1993 Dec 29
11=	St Kitts & Nevis	1993 Dec 29
11=	New Zealand	1993 Dec 29
11=	Japan	1993 Dec 29
11=	Uganda	1993 Dec 29
	Asia Avg	1899 Dec 30
	World Avg	1899 Dec 30
q=197.

Rational Beliefs on the Environment Higher is better₄₄
Pos.		2011 %₄₄
1	Argentina	78.3%
2	Greece	77.6%
3	Brazil	77.1%
	...
70	Uganda	38.6%
71	Sierra Leone	38.6%
72	France	38.4%
73	Mongolia	38.4%
74	Hungary	38.0%
75	Mauritania	38.0%
76	Croatia	37.8%
77	Cambodia	37.1%
	Asia Avg	37.9%
	World Avg	39.9%
q=145.

Meat Consumption Lower is better₄₇
Pos.		2021 kg₄₇
1	Congo, DR	03.0
2	Burundi	03.5
3	Bangladesh	04.3
	...
178	St Vincent & Grenadines	109.5
179	Australia	110.2
180	Bahamas	111.9
181	Argentina	115.5
182	Mongolia	115.6
183	Nauru	125.9
184	USA	126.8
185	Hong Kong	146.9
	Asia Avg	46.7
	World Avg	52.5
q=185.

In the 2010s, meat consumption per person in Mongolia was well above the global average (of 49kgs per year) and it increased its consumption more than any other country in that period. In a world where meat production needs to reduce in order to allow more planet-friendly foodstuffs, this was a dangerous precedent.₄₇

7. Mongolia's Modernity and Learning

#education #intelligence #it_security #modernity #mongolia #research #science #technology #the_internet

Compared to Asia (2020)₄₈
Pos.		Lower is better Avg Rank₄₈
1	Taiwan	10.0
2	Japan	21.0
3	S. Korea	23.6
	...
31	Oman	84.8
32	Lebanon	85.7
33	Indonesia	89.3
34=	Mongolia	90.3
35	Brunei	91.6
36=	Tajikistan	92.0
36=	Palestine	92.0
38	Pakistan	97.6
39	Maldives	99.8
	Asia Avg	78.3
q=51.

Modernity & Learning (2020)₄₈
Pos.		Lower is better Avg Rank₄₈
1	Finland	7.7
2	Taiwan	10.0
3	Switzerland	14.7
	...
117	Venezuela	89.5
118	Greenland	90.0
119=	St Vincent & Grenadines	90.3
119=	Mongolia	90.3
121	Bolivia	91.0
122	Brunei	91.6
123=	Tajikistan	92.0
123=	Palestine	92.0
	World Avg	82.7
q=205.

Modernity and Education:

In the 1990s, the expected duration of education in Mongolia fell by over one year, but it increased it in the 2000s by almost 5 years, the third-highest rise of any country in that decade. ₄₉

Research & Development Higher is better
Pos.		2016 % RDP PPP
1	S. Korea	4.29₅₀
2	Israel	4.11₅₀
3	Japan	3.58₅₀
	...
84	Armenia	0.24₅₁
85=	Sudan	0.23₅₂
85=	Uruguay	0.23₅₃
85=	Mongolia	0.23₅₁
85=	Bermuda	0.23₅₁
89	Togo	0.22₅₃
90=	Nigeria	0.22₅₂
91	Azerbaijan	0.21₅₁
	Asia Avg	0.75
	World Avg	0.84
q=126.

Secondary Education Higher is better₅₄
Pos.		2018₅₄
1=	Luxembourg	100.0%
1=	Estonia	100.0%
1=	Austria	100.0%
	...
43	Denmark	89.3%
44	Israel	89.1%
45	Sweden	88.9%
46	Mongolia	88.8%
47	Bahamas	88.4%
48	Ireland	88.3%
49	Netherlands	88.3%
50	Cuba	87.4%
	Asia Avg	66.0%
	World Avg	63.0%
q=169.

Length of Schooling Higher is better₅₅
Pos.		2021 Years₅₅
1	Australia	21.1
2	New Zealand	20.3
3	Greece	20.0
	...
59	Croatia	15.1
60	Montenegro	15.1
61	Hungary	15.0
62	Mongolia	15.0
63	Ukraine	15.0
64	Bolivia	14.9
65	Mexico	14.9
66	Fiji	14.7
	Asia Avg	13.5
	World Avg	13.5
q=193.

Intellectual Endeavours Lower is better₄₀
Pos.		2017 Rank₄₀
1	Ukraine	1
2	Czechia	2
3	Hungary	3
	...
128	Vietnam	128
129	Azerbaijan	129
130	Bangladesh	130
131	Mongolia	131
132	Haiti	132
133	Botswana	133
134	Suriname	134
135	Uruguay	135
	Asia Avg	97.1
	World Avg	82.0
q=163.

IQ Higher is better₅₆
Pos.		2006₅₆
1=	Hong Kong	108
1=	Singapore	108
3	S. Korea	106
	...
7	Italy	102
8=	Iceland	101
8=	Switzerland	101
8=	Mongolia	101
11	Netherlands	100
12=	Norway	100
12=	Austria	100
12=	UK	100
	Asia Avg	90.4
	World Avg	85.6
q=138.

Technology and Information:

Internet Users Higher is better₅₇
Pos.		2016₅₇
1	Iceland	100%
2	Faroe Islands	99%
3	Norway	98%
	...
123	Grenada	39%
124	El Salvador	38%
125	Bhutan	37%
126	Mongolia	36%
127	India	35%
128	Kyrgyzstan	34%
129	Egypt	33%
130	Cuba	32%
	Asia Avg	48.7%
	World Avg	48.1%
q=201.

IT Security Lower is better₅₈
Pos.		2013₅₈
1=	Ireland	0.11
1=	Luxembourg	0.11
1=	Belize	0.11
	...
59	Kazakhstan	1.23
60	Djibouti	1.29
61	UK	1.34
62	Mongolia	1.42
63	Uganda	1.44
64	Ukraine	1.44
65	Nepal	1.45
66	Afghanistan	1.45
	Asia Avg	1.08
	World Avg	0.98

IPv6 Uptake Higher is better₅₉
Pos.		2017 Ratio₅₉
1	Belgium	55.4
2	Germany	41.8
3	Switzerland	35.1
	...
120=	Marshall Islands	0.0
120=	Georgia	0.0
120=	Swaziland	0.0
120=	Mongolia	0.0
120=	Samoa	0.0
120=	Albania	0.0
120=	Micronesia	0.0
120=	Algeria	0.0
	Asia Avg	2.11
	World Avg	3.82
q=176.

Digital Quality of Life Higher is better₆₀
Pos.		2024₆₀
1	Germany	77.9%
2	Finland	76.9%
3	France	73.9%
	...
89	Kenya	37.4%
90	Sri Lanka	36.3%
91	Angola	34.9%
92	Mongolia	34.6%
93	Senegal	34.4%
94	Ivory Coast	34.0%
95	Pakistan	33.5%
96	Algeria	33.2%
	Asia Avg	46.4%
	World Avg	48.4%
q=121.

Mongolia has the lowest quality internet access of 121 countries analysed₆₁.

8. National Culture

#charity #corruption #happiness #morals #politics

World Giving Index Higher is better₆₂
Pos.		2022 %₆₂
1	Indonesia	68.0
2	Kenya	61.0
3	USA	59.0
	...
25=	Russia	46.0
25=	Iceland	46.0
25=	Honduras	46.0
25=	Mongolia	46.0
25=	Denmark	46.0
25=	Uganda	46.0
31	Bahrain	45.0
32=	Malta	45.0
	Asia Avg	37.9
	World Avg	39.6
q=125.

Corruption Higher is better₆₃
Pos.		2022 Points₆₃
1	Denmark	90.0
2=	Finland	87.0
2=	New Zealand	87.0
	...
114	Bosnia & Herzegovina	34.0
115=	Nepal	34.0
116	Ukraine	33.0
117=	Mongolia	33.0
117=	El Salvador	33.0
117=	Zambia	33.0
117=	Algeria	33.0
117=	Angola	33.0
	Asia Avg	39.98
	World Avg	42.98
q=180.

Happiness Higher is better₆₄
Pos.		2018 Score₆₄
1	Finland	7.6
2	Norway	7.6
3	Denmark	7.6
	...
91	Nigeria	5.2
92	Kyrgyzstan	5.1
93	Bosnia & Herzegovina	5.1
94	Mongolia	5.1
95	Vietnam	5.1
96	Indonesia	5.1
97	Bhutan	5.1
98	Somalia	5.0
	Asia Avg	5.29
	World Avg	5.38
q=156.

Creativity & Culture Lower is better₄₀
Pos.		2017 Rank₄₀
1	Belgium	1
2	Netherlands	2
3	Estonia	3
	...
93	Tunisia	93
94	Papua New Guinea	94
95	Belarus	95
96	Mongolia	96
97	Madagascar	97
98	Bolivia	98
99	El Salvador	99
100	Nicaragua	100
	Asia Avg	99.0
	World Avg	82.0
q=163.

Open Trading, Aid & Development Lower is better₄₀
Pos.		2017 Rank₄₀
1	Ireland	1
2	Denmark	2
3	Sweden	3
	...
30	Burkina Faso	30
31	Lebanon	31
32	Barbados	32
33	Mongolia	33
34	Spain	34
35	UK	35
36	Italy	36
37	Estonia	37
	Asia Avg	86.3
	World Avg	82.0
q=163.

9. Peace Versus Instability

#extremism #human_development #peace #politics #religious_violence #terrorism

Global Peace Index Lower is better₆₅
Pos.		2023 Score₆₅
1	Iceland	1.12
2	Denmark	1.31
3	Ireland	1.31
	...
41=	Albania	1.75
42	Botswana	1.76
43	S. Korea	1.76
44	Mongolia	1.77
45	Montenegro	1.77
46	Laos	1.78
47	Sierra Leone	1.79
48	Oman	1.79
	Asia Avg	2.17
	World Avg	2.07
q=163.

Peacekeeping & Security Lower is better₄₀
Pos.		2017 Rank₄₀
1	Samoa	1
2	S. Africa	2
3	Tunisia	3
	...
25	Madagascar	25
26	Sri Lanka	26
27	Netherlands	27
28	Mongolia	28
29	Rwanda	29
30	Paraguay	30
31	Jordan	31
32	India	32
	Asia Avg	76.0
	World Avg	82.0
q=163.

Refugees & UN Treaties Lower is better₄₀
Pos.		2017 Rank₄₀
1	Austria	1
2	Germany	2
3	Netherlands	3
	...
138	Cambodia	138
139	Mali	139
140	Haiti	140
141	Mongolia	141
142	Syria	142
143	Mauritania	143
144	Rwanda	144
145	Chad	145
	Asia Avg	92.2
	World Avg	82.0
q=163.

Impact of Terrorism Lower is better₆₆
Pos.		2019 Score₆₆
1	Togo	0.00
2	Mongolia	0.00
3	Swaziland	0.00
4	Equatorial Guinea	0.00
5	Cambodia	0.00
6	Portugal	0.00
7	Croatia	0.00
8	Benin	0.00
9	Mauritania	0.00
10	Slovenia	0.00
11	Costa Rica	0.00
12	Romania	0.00
	Asia Avg	3.60
	World Avg	2.78
q=150.

10. Economic Inequality and Poverty

#capitalism #economics #health #inequality #life_expectancy #poverty #social_development

Inequality in Life Expectancy Lower is better₆₇
Pos.		2019₆₇
1	Iceland	2.40
2=	Singapore	2.50
2=	Hong Kong	2.50
	...
102	Syria	13.00
103=	Morocco	13.00
104	Nicaragua	13.10
105=	Mongolia	13.10
106	Honduras	13.30
107	Paraguay	13.80
108=	Uzbekistan	13.90
108=	Indonesia	13.90
	Asia Avg	11.80
	World Avg	14.59
q=184.

Income Inequality (Gini Coefficient) Lower is better₆₈
Pos.		2023 %₆₈
1	Slovakia	24.1%₆₉
2	Slovenia	24.3%₆₉
3	Belarus	24.4%₇₀
	...
39	Uzbekistan	31.2%₇₁
40	Cyprus	31.3%₆₉
41=	Malta	31.4%₇₀
41=	Mongolia	31.4%₇₁
43	France	31.5%₆₉
44	Taiwan	31.6%₆₉
45	Canada	31.7%₇₂
46=	Lebanon	31.8%₇₃
	Asia Avg	33.0%
	World Avg	36.5%
q=167.

Multidimensional Poverty Lower is better₇₄
Pos.		2018 Severity₇₄
1	Armenia	.001
2	Ukraine	.001
3	Serbia	.001
	...
39	El Salvador	.032
40	Iraq	.033
41	Suriname	.041
42	Mongolia	.042
43	Peru	.053
44	Gabon	.066
45	Nicaragua	.074
46	Swaziland	.081
	Asia Avg	.084
	World Avg	.154
q=101.

11. Religion and Beliefs

#belief #buddhism #christianity #god #hinduism #islam #judaism #religion

Disbelief In God (2007)₇₅
Pos.		Higher is better %₇₅
1	Vietnam	81
2	Japan	65
3	Sweden	64
	...
23=	Canada	22
24	Latvia	20
25=	Ukraine	20
25=	Mongolia	20
27	Austria	18
28=	Slovakia	17
28=	Switzerland	17
28=	Belarus	17
31	Greece	16
32=	Iceland	16
33	Spain	15
34=	Israel	15
35	Armenia	14
36=	Lithuania	13
36=	Singapore	13
38	Kazakhstan	12
	World Avg	9.9
q=137.

Data from the Pew Forum, a professional polling outfit, states that in 2010 the religious makeup of this country was as follows in the table below₇₆:

Christian	2.3%
Muslim	3.2%
Hindu	0.1%
Buddhist	55.1%
Folk Religion	3.5%
Jewish	0.1%
Unaffiliated	35.9%

The CIA World Factbook has slightly different data, and states: Buddhist Lamaist 50%, Shamanist and Christian 6%, Muslim 4%, none 40% (2004)₇₇.

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