https://www.humantruth.info/russia.html
By Vexen Crabtree 2013
Russia Russian Federation | ![]() |
---|---|
Status | Independent State |
Social and Moral Index | 98th best |
Capital | Moscow |
Land Area | 16 376 870km21 |
Location | Asia |
Population | 145.7m2 |
Life Expectancy | 69.42yrs (2017)3 |
GNI | $27 166 (2017)4 |
ISO3166-1 Codes | RU, RUS, 6435 |
Internet Domain | .ru, .su6 |
Currency | Ruble (RUB)7 |
Telephone | +78 |
“Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy, was able to emerge from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and to gradually conquer and absorb surrounding principalities. In the early 17th century, a new Romanov Dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under PETER I (ruled 1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the Baltic Sea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire. During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia. Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 contributed to the Revolution of 1905, which resulted in the formation of a parliament and other reforms. Repeated devastating defeats of the Russian army in World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow in 1917 of the imperial household. The Communists under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon after and formed the USSR. The brutal rule of Iosif STALIN (1928-53) strengthened Communist rule and Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the following decades until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize Communism, but his initiatives inadvertently released forces that by December 1991 splintered the USSR into Russia and 14 other independent republics. Since then, Russia has shifted its post-Soviet democratic ambitions in favor of a centralized semi-authoritarian state in which the leadership seeks to legitimize its rule through managed national elections, populist appeals by President PUTIN, and continued economic growth. Russia has severely disabled a Chechen rebel movement, although violence still occurs throughout the North Caucasus.”
CIA's The World Factbook (2013)9
“From beautiful Lake Baikal to St Petersburg´s gilded palaces, Russia is so blessed with cultural and natural treasures that it would take a lifetime to experience them all. For centuries the world has wondered about Russia. The country has been reported as a land of unbelievable riches and indescribable poverty, cruel tyrants and great minds, generous hospitality and meddlesome bureaucracy, beautiful ballets and industrial monstrosities, pious faith and unbridled hedonism.
These eternal Russian truths coexist in equally diverse landscapes of icy tundra and sunkissed beaches, dense silver-birch forests, deep, mysterious lakes, snowcapped mountains and swaying grassland steppes. Factor in ancient fortresses, luxurious palaces, swirly-spired churches and lost-in-time wooden villages and you´ll begin to see why Russia is simply amazing.
Two decades on from the demise of the Soviet Union, an economically and politically resurgent Russia is a brash, exciting and fascinating place to visit.”
#economics #human_development #wealth
UN HDI (2021)11 | ||
---|---|---|
Pos. | Higher is better Value11 | |
1 | Switzerland | 0.962 |
2 | Norway | 0.961 |
3 | Iceland | 0.959 |
... | ||
49 | Montenegro | 0.832 |
50 | Kuwait | 0.831 |
51 | Brunei | 0.829 |
52 | Russia | 0.822 |
53 | Romania | 0.821 |
54 | Oman | 0.816 |
55 | Bahamas | 0.812 |
56 | Kazakhstan | 0.811 |
Asia Avg | 0.75 | |
World Avg | 0.72 | |
q=191. |
Gross National Income Per-Capita (2021)11 | ||
---|---|---|
Pos. | Higher is better PPP $11 | |
1 | Liechtenstein | $146 830 |
2 | Singapore | $90 919 |
3 | Qatar | $87 134 |
... | ||
48 | Croatia | $30 132 |
49 | Romania | $30 027 |
50 | Greece | $29 002 |
51 | Russia | $27 166 |
52 | Oman | $27 054 |
53 | Panama | $26 957 |
54 | Malaysia | $26 658 |
55 | Seychelles | $25 831 |
Asia Avg | $22 215 | |
World Avg | $20 136 | |
q=193. |
Social & Moral Development Index12 | ||
---|---|---|
Pos. | Lower is better Avg Rank12 | |
1 | Denmark | 27.0 |
2 | Norway | 29.9 |
3 | Sweden | 31.8 |
... | ||
95 | Belarus | 87.7 |
96 | Mongolia | 87.8 |
97 | Bolivia | 88.4 |
98 | Russia | 88.7 |
99 | Cape Verde | 88.8 |
100 | Jordan | 88.8 |
101 | Maldives | 88.9 |
102 | St Lucia | 89.3 |
Asia Avg | 92.0 | |
World Avg | 88.6 | |
q=199. |
The United Nations produces an annual Human Development Report which includes the Human Development Index. The factors taken into account include life expectancy, education and schooling and Gross National Income (GNI) amongst many others..
The Social and Moral Development Index concentrates on moral issues and human rights, violence, public health, equality, tolerance, freedom and effectiveness in climate change mitigation and environmentalism, and on some technological issues. A country scores higher for achieving well in those areas, and for sustaining that achievement in the long term. Those countries towards the top of this index can truly said to be setting good examples and leading humankind onwards into a bright, humane, and free future. See: Which are the Best Countries in the World? The Social and Moral Development Index.
#birth_control #demographics #fertility #health #immigration #life_expectancy #longevity #migration #overpopulation #population #yemen
Population:
Russia's population is predicted to fall to 136 429 000 by 2030. Developed countries with falling populations face a pension's crises, whereby an increasingly ageing population must be cared for by fewer and fewer workers. Economic stability can be maintained by increasing foreign workers from younger countries. This country has a fertility rate of 1.42. The fertility rate is, in simple terms, the average amount of children that each woman has. The higher the figure, the quicker the population will grow, although, to calculate the rate you also need to take into account morbidity - the rate at which people die. If people live healthy and long lives and morbidity is low, then, 2.0 approximates to the replacement rate (two new children for each set of parents who die), which would keep the population stable. If all countries had such a fertility rate, population growth would end. The actual replacement rate in most developed countries is around 2.1. The highest fertility rate ever detected in a single year was in Yemen in 1985, at 8.86.13Population2 | ||
---|---|---|
Pos. | 2018 Population2 | |
1 | China | 1.4b |
2 | India | 1.4b |
3 | USA | 327.1m |
4 | Indonesia | 267.7m |
5 | Pakistan | 212.2m |
6 | Brazil | 209.5m |
7 | Nigeria | 195.9m |
8 | Bangladesh | 161.4m |
9 | Russia | 145.7m |
10 | Japan | 127.2m |
11 | Mexico | 126.2m |
12 | Ethiopia | 109.2m |
World Avg | 39.0m | |
q=195. |
Life Expectancy Higher is better11 | ||
---|---|---|
Pos. | 2021 Years11 | |
1 | Monaco | 85.9 |
2 | Hong Kong | 85.5 |
3 | Japan | 84.8 |
... | ||
121 | Kyrgyzstan | 70.0 |
122 | St Vincent & Grenadines | 69.6 |
123 | Cambodia | 69.6 |
124 | Russia | 69.4 |
125 | Azerbaijan | 69.4 |
126 | Kazakhstan | 69.4 |
127 | Philippines | 69.3 |
128 | Turkmenistan | 69.3 |
World Avg | 71.28 | |
q=195. |
Fertility Rate 2.0 is best14 | ||
---|---|---|
Pos. | 202214 | |
1 | US Virgin Islands | 2.00 |
2 | Ecuador | 2.00 |
3 | Nepal | 2.01 |
... | ||
100= | Greece | 1.43 |
100= | Portugal | 1.43 |
102 | Bolivia | 2.58 |
103 | Russia | 1.42 |
104= | Austria | 1.41 |
104= | Norway | 1.41 |
104= | Estonia | 1.41 |
107 | Bhutan | 1.40 |
World Avg | 2.47 | |
q=208. |
Old-Age Dependency Ratio Lower is better15 | ||
---|---|---|
Pos. | 2016 Per 10015 | |
1 | Uganda | 04.3 |
2 | Mali | 04.5 |
3= | Chad | 04.7 |
... | ||
137 | Armenia | 28.7 |
138= | Thailand | 29.2 |
138= | Ireland | 29.2 |
140 | Russia | 29.5 |
141 | Georgia | 29.7 |
142 | Montenegro | 30.0 |
143 | Belarus | 30.3 |
144 | Ukraine | 30.8 |
World Avg | 18.3 | |
q=185. |
Migration:
Immigrants16 | ||
---|---|---|
Pos. | 2017 %16 | |
1 | UAE | 88.4% |
2 | Kuwait | 75.5% |
3 | Qatar | 65.2% |
... | ||
65 | Portugal | 8.5% |
66 | Suriname | 8.5% |
67 | Costa Rica | 8.4% |
68 | Russia | 8.1% |
69 | Congo, (Brazzaville) | 7.6% |
70 | Botswana | 7.3% |
71 | St Lucia | 7.2% |
72 | S. Africa | 7.1% |
World Avg | 9.4% | |
q=195. |
Emigrants17 | ||
---|---|---|
Pos. | 2010 %17 | |
1 | Dominica | 104.8% |
2 | Palestine | 68.4% |
3 | Samoa | 67.3% |
... | ||
79 | Poland | 8.3% |
80 | Afghanistan | 8.1% |
81 | Paraguay | 7.9% |
82 | Russia | 7.9% |
83 | Mali | 7.6% |
84 | UK | 7.5% |
85 | Honduras | 7.5% |
86 | Austria | 7.1% |
World Avg | 11.5% | |
q=192. |
#equality #freedom #gender_equality #human_rights #morals #politics #prejudice #russia #russia_women #syria #tolerance #women
Human Rights, Equality & Tolerance (2025)18 | ||
---|---|---|
Pos. | Lower is better Avg Rank18 | |
1 | Sweden | 6.1 |
2 | Denmark | 8.6 |
3 | Norway | 9.0 |
... | ||
109 | Tunisia | 95.2 |
110 | Belarus | 95.7 |
111 | Kyrgyzstan | 96.7 |
112 | Russia | 96.8 |
113 | Nepal | 96.9 |
114 | Timor-Leste (E. Timor) | 98.1 |
Asia Avg | 103.00 | |
World Avg | 86.55 | |
q=199. |
For tables, charts and commentary, see:
#alcohol #birth_control #demographics #health #life_expectancy #longevity #mental_health #obesity #overpopulation #parenting #population #russia #smoking #suicide #vaccines
Compared to Asia (2025)33 | ||
---|---|---|
Pos. | Lower is better Avg Rank33 | |
1= | Japan | 44.1 |
2 | Hong Kong | 48.2 |
3 | Singapore | 49.5 |
... | ||
20 | Lebanon | 76.8 |
21 | Maldives | 77.3 |
22 | Turkey | 78.6 |
23 | Russia | 81.8 |
24 | Azerbaijan | 86.0 |
25 | Iran | 88.6 |
26 | Kazakhstan | 90.7 |
27 | Uzbekistan | 92.2 |
28 | Indonesia | 93.4 |
Asia Avg | 80.90 | |
q=50. |
Health (2025)33 | ||
---|---|---|
Pos. | Lower is better Avg Rank33 | |
1 | Monaco | 14.3 |
2 | Liechtenstein | 30.1 |
3 | Isle of Man | 32.1 |
... | ||
85 | Turkey | 78.6 |
86 | British Virgin Islands | 78.7 |
87 | Trinidad & Tobago | 79.4 |
88 | Russia | 81.8 |
89 | Costa Rica | 82.6 |
90 | Bahamas | 82.8 |
91 | Bulgaria | 82.8 |
92 | Belarus | 83.7 |
World Avg | 96.74 | |
q=212. |
The countries with the best overall approach to public health, in terms of both public policy and individual lifestyle choices, are Monaco, Liechtenstein and The Isle of Man34. These countries are worth emulating. And, although often through no fault of the average citizen, the worst countries are S. Sudan, Angola and Nigeria34.
21 datasets are used to calculate points for each country, including multiple decades of data on its average life expectancy, its alcohol consumption rate, its fertility rate, its smoking rate, its suicide rate, its food aid and health contributions and WHO compliance, the prevalence of overweight adults, its adolescent birth rate and its immunizations take-up. The regions with the best average results per country are Scandinavia, Europe and The Balkans34, whereas the worst are Africa, Micronesia and Melanesia34.
For more, see:
Health:
Russia has some poor policies and cultural issues which cause some public health problems. Russia does better than average for its immunizations take-up35, its food aid and health contributions and WHO compliance36, its adolescent birth rate37 and in its fertility rate14. But, things still need to improve in Russia. Russia does worse than average in terms of its average life expectancy11. It falls into the worst-performing 20 when it comes to its alcohol consumption rate38 (the highest in Asia) and in its smoking rate39 (amongst the highest in Asia). And finally, it is the worst in its suicide rate40. The number of overweight adults has increased by 14% during the last 40 years. Life expectancy in Russian Federation improved by +5.4yrs in the 30 years from 1990, less than the global average of +7.9yrs. Russia has had a long-term consistent fertility rate, and is one of only 22 countries to vary by less than 1.0 each decade since the 1960s. Its peak fertility rate was 2.52 in 1960.Life Expectancy Higher is better11 | ||
---|---|---|
Pos. | 2021 Years11 | |
1 | Monaco | 85.9 |
2 | Hong Kong | 85.5 |
3 | Japan | 84.8 |
... | ||
121 | Kyrgyzstan | 70.0 |
122 | St Vincent & Grenadines | 69.6 |
123 | Cambodia | 69.6 |
124 | Russia | 69.4 |
125 | Azerbaijan | 69.4 |
126 | Kazakhstan | 69.4 |
127 | Philippines | 69.3 |
128 | Turkmenistan | 69.3 |
Asia Avg | 73.48 | |
World Avg | 71.28 | |
q=195. |
Alcohol Consumption Lower is better38 | ||
---|---|---|
Pos. | 2016 Per Capita38 | |
1 | Bangladesh | 0.0 |
2 | Kuwait | 0.0 |
3 | Libya | 0.0 |
... | ||
171= | Austria | 11.6 |
171= | Estonia | 11.6 |
171= | Poland | 11.6 |
174 | Russia | 11.7 |
175 | Seychelles | 12.0 |
176 | Belgium | 12.1 |
177 | Portugal | 12.3 |
178= | Slovenia | 12.6 |
Asia Avg | 3.9 | |
World Avg | 6.2 | |
q=189. |
Fertility Rate 2.0 is best14 | ||
---|---|---|
Pos. | 202214 | |
1 | US Virgin Islands | 2.00 |
2 | Ecuador | 2.00 |
3 | Nepal | 2.01 |
... | ||
100= | Greece | 1.43 |
100= | Portugal | 1.43 |
102 | Bolivia | 2.58 |
103 | Russia | 1.42 |
104= | Austria | 1.41 |
104= | Norway | 1.41 |
104= | Estonia | 1.41 |
107 | Bhutan | 1.40 |
Asia Avg | 2.17 | |
World Avg | 2.47 | |
q=208. |
Smoking Rates Lower is better39 | ||
---|---|---|
Pos. | 201439 | |
1 | Guinea | 15 |
2 | Solomon Islands | 26 |
3 | Kiribati | 28 |
... | ||
175 | Luxembourg | 2 284 |
176 | Belgium | 2 353 |
177 | Slovenia | 2 637 |
178 | Russia | 2 690 |
179 | Macedonia | 2 732 |
180 | Lebanon | 3 023 |
181 | Belarus | 3 831 |
182 | Montenegro | 4 125 |
Asia Avg | 1 035 | |
World Avg | 819 | |
q=182. |
Suicide Rate40 | ||
---|---|---|
Pos. | 2013 Per 100k40 | |
1 | Haiti | 0 |
2 | Grenada | 0 |
3 | Egypt | 0.1 |
... | ||
84 | Japan | 49.4 |
85 | Hungary | 50.6 |
86= | Kazakhstan | 52.4 |
86= | Guyana | 52.4 |
88 | Belarus | 57.5 |
89 | S. Korea | 62 |
90 | Russia | 63.4 |
91 | Lithuania | 71.7 |
Asia Avg | 19.50 | |
World Avg | 20.93 | |
q=91. |
Food Aid, Health Contributions & WHO Compliance Lower is better36 | ||
---|---|---|
Pos. | 2017 Rank36 | |
1 | Sweden | 1 |
2 | Ireland | 2 |
3 | Denmark | 3 |
... | ||
40 | Brazil | 40 |
41 | Iceland | 41 |
42 | El Salvador | 42 |
43 | Russia | 43 |
44 | Turkey | 44 |
45 | Mexico | 45 |
46 | Malaysia | 46 |
47 | Czechia | 47 |
Asia Avg | 64.4 | |
World Avg | 82.0 | |
q=163. |
Overweight Adults Lower is better41 | ||
---|---|---|
Pos. | 2016 %41 | |
1 | Vietnam | 18.3 |
2 | India | 19.7 |
3 | Bangladesh | 20.0 |
... | ||
110 | Germany | 56.8 |
111= | Vanuatu | 57.1 |
111= | Serbia | 57.1 |
111= | Russia | 57.1 |
114 | Portugal | 57.5 |
115= | Peru | 57.5 |
116 | Albania | 57.7 |
117= | Romania | 57.7 |
Asia Avg | 44.3 | |
World Avg | 49.0 | |
q=191. |
Children's Health:
Adolescent Birth Rate Lower is better37 | ||
---|---|---|
Pos. | 2022 Per 100037 | |
1 | Hong Kong | 1.6 |
2 | Denmark | 1.8 |
3 | S. Korea | 2.1 |
... | ||
56 | New Zealand | 11.8 |
57 | Serbia | 14.4 |
58 | Albania | 14.5 |
59 | Russia | 14.5 |
60 | USA | 15.1 |
61 | Ukraine | 15.2 |
62 | Sri Lanka | 15.4 |
63 | Turkey | 15.7 |
Asia Avg | 25.9 | |
World Avg | 43.8 | |
q=195. |
Infant Immunizations 2011-2015 Higher is better35 | ||
---|---|---|
Pos. | 2015 Avg %35 | |
1= | Hungary | 99.0 |
1= | China | 99.0 |
3 | Uzbekistan | 98.9 |
... | ||
31= | Kazakhstan | 97.1 |
32 | Albania | 97.1 |
33 | Andorra | 97.1 |
34 | Russia | 97.0 |
35 | Guyana | 97.0 |
36 | Slovakia | 97.0 |
37 | Kyrgyzstan | 96.7 |
38 | Brazil | 96.7 |
Asia Avg | 90.5 | |
World Avg | 88.3 | |
q=194. |
#biodiversity #climate_change #deforestation #energy #environmentalism #food #internationalism #meat #over-exploitation #russia #sustainability #the_environment #veganism #vegetarianism
Compared to Asia (2025)42 | ||
---|---|---|
Pos. | Lower is better Avg Rank42 | |
1 | Sri Lanka | 34.9 |
2 | Nepal | 47.9 |
3 | India | 49.5 |
... | ||
30 | Saudi Arabia | 94.9 |
31 | Israel | 95.8 |
32= | Laos | 97.0 |
33 | Russia | 99.2 |
34 | Myanmar (Burma) | 99.9 |
35 | Kuwait | 100.5 |
36 | Azerbaijan | 101.2 |
37 | Oman | 101.8 |
38 | Iraq | 102.8 |
Asia Avg | 86.44 | |
q=51. |
Responsibility Towards The Environment (2025)42 | ||
---|---|---|
Pos. | Lower is better Avg Rank42 | |
1 | Sri Lanka | 34.9 |
2 | Uruguay | 43.2 |
3 | Switzerland | 45.0 |
... | ||
146 | Montenegro | 97.3 |
147 | Sudan | 97.8 |
148 | Comoros | 99.1 |
149 | Russia | 99.2 |
150 | Myanmar (Burma) | 99.9 |
151 | Kuwait | 100.5 |
152 | Bahamas | 100.9 |
153 | Azerbaijan | 101.2 |
World Avg | 84.93 | |
q=199. |
All countries' current and historical approach towards the environment is gauged via 21 datasets, including multiple decades of data on its forested percent change 2000-2020, its environmental performance, energy to GDP efficiency, its sign-up rate to major international accords on protecting the environment, the rate of rational beliefs on the environment in the population, reducing annual meat consumption per person and its score on the Green Future Index.
The countries that do the best (Sri Lanka, Uruguay and Switzerland) tend to have avoided the excesses of early industrial countries, and have not yet repeated the same mistakes of environmental destruction - at least, not on the same scale. The regions with the best average results per country are Central America, South America and Scandinavia. The worst are Eritrea, The Vatican City and Timor-Leste (E. Timor), and the worst regions Micronesia, Australasia and Melanesia.
For more, see:
Russia ranks 149th in the world when it comes to its responsibility towards the environment. This rank is derived from 7 data sets. Russia does better than average in its environmental performance43, its forested percent change 2000-202044 and in its sign-up rate to major international accords on protecting the environment. Russia does not succeed in everything, however. Russia does worse than average in terms of the rate of rational beliefs on the environment in the population45 and in reducing annual meat consumption per person46. And finally, it falls into the worst-performing 20 in its score on the Green Future Index47 (amongst the lowest in Asia) and in energy to GDP efficiency48.Forest Area Change 2000-2020 Higher is better44 | ||
---|---|---|
Pos. | Total44 | |
1 | Guernsey | 82.6% |
2 | Bahrain | 75.2% |
3 | Iceland | 64.7% |
... | ||
74 | Portugal | 1.0% |
75 | Micronesia | 0.9% |
76 | Iraq | 0.9% |
77 | Russia | 0.7% |
78 | French Polynesia | 0.6% |
79 | Germany | 0.6% |
80 | Norway | 0.6% |
81 | Cyprus | 0.5% |
Asia Avg | 3.2% | |
World Avg | -0.1% | |
q=234. |
Environmental Performance Higher is better43 | ||
---|---|---|
Pos. | 201843 | |
1 | Switzerland | 87.4 |
2 | France | 84.0 |
3 | Denmark | 81.6 |
... | ||
49 | Singapore | 64.2 |
50 | Poland | 64.1 |
51 | Venezuela | 63.9 |
52 | Russia | 63.8 |
53 | Brunei | 63.6 |
54 | Morocco | 63.5 |
55 | Cuba | 63.4 |
56 | Panama | 62.7 |
Asia Avg | 54.5 | |
World Avg | 56.4 | |
q=180. |
Energy to GDP Efficiency Lower is better48 | ||
---|---|---|
Pos. | 2022 Avg48 | |
1 | Rwanda | 0.25 |
2 | Chad | 0.26 |
3 | Tanzania | 0.31 |
... | ||
151 | Syria | 2.12 |
152 | Kyrgyzstan | 2.20 |
153 | Iran | 2.24 |
154 | Russia | 2.25 |
155 | Oman | 2.28 |
156 | Canada | 2.29 |
157 | Malta | 2.36 |
158 | Mozambique | 2.38 |
Asia Avg | 1.50 | |
World Avg | 1.23 | |
q=165. |
International Accords on the Environment Higher is better | ||
---|---|---|
Pos. | Total Avg Rate | |
1 | Sweden | 83% |
2 | Canada | 82% |
3 | Norway | 81% |
... | ||
80 | Philippines | 62% |
81 | Seychelles | 62% |
82 | Tanzania | 62% |
83 | Russia | 62% |
84 | Togo | 61% |
85 | Thailand | 61% |
86 | Zambia | 61% |
87 | Indonesia | 61% |
Asia Avg | 55.4% | |
World Avg | 57.5% | |
q=197. |
Rational Beliefs on the Environment Higher is better45 | ||
---|---|---|
Pos. | 2011 %45 | |
1 | Argentina | 78.3% |
2 | Greece | 77.6% |
3 | Brazil | 77.1% |
... | ||
115 | Poland | 23.8% |
116 | Belarus | 23.7% |
117 | Afghanistan | 23.6% |
118 | Russia | 23.5% |
119 | Algeria | 23.5% |
120 | Pakistan | 23.2% |
121 | Liberia | 23.1% |
122 | Netherlands | 23.0% |
Asia Avg | 37.9% | |
World Avg | 39.9% | |
q=145. |
Meat Consumption Lower is better46 | ||
---|---|---|
Pos. | 2021 kg46 | |
1 | Congo, DR | 03.0 |
2 | Burundi | 03.5 |
3 | Bangladesh | 04.3 |
... | ||
138 | Germany | 76.6 |
139 | Greece | 76.8 |
140 | Serbia | 77.6 |
141 | Russia | 78.4 |
142 | Bolivia | 78.4 |
143 | Grenada | 78.6 |
144 | Ireland | 80.2 |
145 | Kuwait | 81.3 |
Asia Avg | 46.7 | |
World Avg | 52.5 | |
q=185. |
In the 2010s, meat consumption per person in Russian Federation was well above the global average (of 49kgs per year), putting unnecessary strain on water supplies and the environment.46
Green Future Index Higher is better47 | ||
---|---|---|
Pos. | 2023 Score47 | |
1 | Iceland | 6.7 |
2 | Finland | 6.7 |
3 | Norway | 6.4 |
... | ||
67 | Pakistan | 3.7 |
68 | Malaysia | 3.7 |
69= | Guatemala | 3.6 |
69= | Russia | 3.6 |
71 | Paraguay | 3.6 |
72 | Bangladesh | 3.5 |
73 | Qatar | 3.4 |
74 | Zambia | 3.3 |
Asia Avg | 4.3 | |
World Avg | 4.8 | |
q=76. |
#capitalism #charity #corruption #economics #education #english #extremism #happiness #health #human_development #inequality #intelligence #it_security #life_expectancy #maths #modernity #morals #peace #politics #religion #religiosity #religious_violence #research #russia #science #secularisation #social_development #technology #terrorism #the_internet
Compared to Asia (2020)49 | ||
---|---|---|
Pos. | Lower is better Avg Rank49 | |
1 | S. Korea | 22.2 |
2 | Japan | 24.7 |
3 | Israel | 29.5 |
4 | Hong Kong | 31.2 |
5 | Singapore | 34.1 |
6 | Russia | 44.3 |
7 | Cyprus | 55.6 |
8 | Turkey | 55.9 |
9 | Malaysia | 59.4 |
10 | Kazakhstan | 59.8 |
11= | Saudi Arabia | 62.0 |
12 | UAE | 64.3 |
13 | Georgia | 65.6 |
Asia Avg | 78.26 | |
q=49. |
Modernity & Learning (2020)49 | ||
---|---|---|
Pos. | Lower is better Avg Rank49 | |
1 | Finland | 7.1 |
2 | Belgium | 12.9 |
3 | Denmark | 13.6 |
... | ||
35 | Argentina | 38.2 |
36 | Slovakia | 42.9 |
37 | Grenada | 43.4 |
38 | Russia | 44.3 |
39 | Malta | 45.9 |
40 | Barbados | 47.4 |
41 | Palau | 47.4 |
42 | Ukraine | 47.7 |
World Avg | 86.31 | |
q=190. |
The most modern countries, with the best results from education, the highest levels of research, and with the easiest access to information on the Internet, are Finland, Belgium and Denmark50. The worst countries are Eritrea, S. Sudan and Sierra Leone50. Despite improves in global education, access to tertiary (adult) education is becoming increasingly unequal between the rich haves and the poor have-nots51.
“Education, at all levels and ages, is the single most vital support for equality as well as being a country's most vital economic and social resource. [...] Every successful aspirant to modernisation and economic development, from Japan to South Korea, China to Chile, has got there with a big emphasis on education.”
Bill Emmott (2017)52
15 datasets are used to calculate points for each country, including multiple decades of data on Research and Development, Secondary Education, Length of Schooling, Intellectual Endeavours, Maths, Science & Reading, Religiosity, IQ, the percent of citizens with access to the internet, Freedom On The Internet, IT Security, IPv6 Uptake and digital quality of life. The regions with the best average results per country are Scandinavia, Baltic States and Europe50, whereas the worst are Melanesia, Africa and Micronesia50.
For more, see:
Modernity and Education:
In the 1990s, the expected duration of education in Russia fell by over half a year, whereas most of the rest of the world's increased. 53
Research & Development Higher is better | ||
---|---|---|
Pos. | 2016 % RDP PPP | |
1 | S. Korea | 4.2954 |
2 | Israel | 4.1154 |
3 | Japan | 3.5854 |
... | ||
27 | Portugal | 1.2854 |
28 | Luxembourg | 1.2654 |
29 | Spain | 1.2254 |
30 | Russia | 1.1954 |
31 | New Zealand | 1.1755 |
32 | Brazil | 1.1556 |
33 | Malaysia | 1.1356 |
34 | Turkey | 1.0154 |
Asia Avg | 0.75 | |
World Avg | 0.84 | |
q=126. |
Secondary Education Higher is better57 | ||
---|---|---|
Pos. | 201857 | |
1= | Luxembourg | 100.0% |
1= | Estonia | 100.0% |
1= | Austria | 100.0% |
... | ||
19 | Switzerland | 96.5% |
20 | Moldova | 96.4% |
21 | Germany | 96.3% |
22 | Russia | 95.9% |
23 | Croatia | 95.7% |
24 | Azerbaijan | 95.6% |
25 | USA | 95.6% |
26 | Norway | 95.4% |
Asia Avg | 66.0% | |
World Avg | 63.0% | |
q=169. |
Length of Schooling Higher is better58 | ||
---|---|---|
Pos. | 2021 Years58 | |
1 | Australia | 21.1 |
2 | New Zealand | 20.3 |
3 | Greece | 20.0 |
... | ||
41 | Thailand | 15.9 |
42 | France | 15.8 |
43 | Palau | 15.8 |
44 | Russia | 15.8 |
45 | Kazakhstan | 15.8 |
46 | UAE | 15.7 |
47 | Barbados | 15.7 |
48 | Cyprus | 15.6 |
Asia Avg | 13.5 | |
World Avg | 13.5 | |
q=193. |
Intellectual Endeavours Lower is better36 | ||
---|---|---|
Pos. | 2017 Rank36 | |
1 | Ukraine | 1 |
2 | Czechia | 2 |
3 | Hungary | 3 |
... | ||
50 | Fiji | 50 |
51 | Dominica | 51 |
52 | Malaysia | 52 |
53 | Russia | 53 |
54 | St Lucia | 54 |
55 | Turkey | 55 |
56 | Armenia | 56 |
57 | Guinea-Bissau | 57 |
Asia Avg | 97.1 | |
World Avg | 82.0 | |
q=163. |
Maths, Science & Reading Higher is better59 | ||
---|---|---|
Pos. | 2015 Score59 | |
1 | Singapore | 1655 |
2 | Hong Kong | 1598 |
3 | Japan | 1586 |
... | ||
25= | France | 1487 |
25= | Sweden | 1487 |
27 | Austria | 1477 |
28 | Russia | 1476 |
29 | Spain | 1475 |
30 | Czechia | 1472 |
31 | USA | 1463 |
32 | Latvia | 1460 |
Asia Avg | 1398 | |
World Avg | 1389 | |
q=70. |
Religiosity Lower is better60 | ||
---|---|---|
Pos. | 2018 %60 | |
1 | China | 3 |
2 | Estonia | 6 |
3 | Czechia | 7 |
... | ||
16 | Albania | 15 |
17= | Lithuania | 16 |
17= | S. Korea | 16 |
17= | Russia | 16 |
20 | Australia | 18 |
21= | Vietnam | 18 |
22 | Bulgaria | 19 |
23= | Norway | 19 |
Asia Avg | 55.8 | |
World Avg | 54.3 | |
q=106. |
IQ Higher is better61 | ||
---|---|---|
Pos. | 200661 | |
1= | Hong Kong | 108 |
1= | Singapore | 108 |
3 | S. Korea | 106 |
... | ||
30= | Latvia | 98 |
30= | Hungary | 98 |
32 | Ukraine | 97 |
33= | Russia | 97 |
33= | Belarus | 97 |
35 | Moldova | 96 |
36= | Uruguay | 96 |
36= | Slovenia | 96 |
Asia Avg | 90.4 | |
World Avg | 85.6 | |
q=138. |
Technology and Information:
Internet Users Higher is better62 | ||
---|---|---|
Pos. | 201662 | |
1 | Iceland | 100% |
2 | Faroe Islands | 99% |
3 | Norway | 98% |
... | ||
52 | Brunei | 72% |
53 | Slovenia | 72% |
54 | Cyprus | 72% |
55 | Russia | 71% |
56 | Oman | 71% |
57 | New Caledonia | 70% |
58= | Macedonia | 69% |
58= | Argentina | 69% |
Asia Avg | 48.7% | |
World Avg | 48.1% | |
q=201. |
Freedom On The Internet Lower is better63 | ||
---|---|---|
Pos. | 201263 | |
1 | Estonia | 10 |
2 | USA | 12 |
3 | Germany | 15 |
... | ||
27 | Venezuela | 48 |
28 | Azerbaijan | 50 |
29 | Rwanda | 51 |
30 | Russia | 52 |
31 | Zimbabwe | 54 |
32 | Sri Lanka | 55 |
33 | Kazakhstan | 58 |
34 | Egypt | 59 |
Asia Avg | 56.6 | |
World Avg | 46.7 | |
q=47. |
IT Security Lower is better64 | ||
---|---|---|
Pos. | 201364 | |
1= | Ireland | 0.11 |
1= | Luxembourg | 0.11 |
1= | Belize | 0.11 |
... | ||
74 | Sri Lanka | 1.67 |
75 | Oman | 1.72 |
76 | Iraq | 1.84 |
77 | Bangladesh | 1.87 |
78 | Sudan | 1.98 |
79 | India | 2.10 |
80 | Russia | 2.42 |
81 | USA | 3.68 |
Asia Avg | 1.08 | |
World Avg | 0.98 | |
IPv6 Uptake Higher is better65 | ||
---|---|---|
Pos. | 2017 Ratio65 | |
1 | Belgium | 55.4 |
2 | Germany | 41.8 |
3 | Switzerland | 35.1 |
... | ||
44 | Italy | 1.7 |
45 | Argentina | 1.4 |
46 | Faroe Islands | 1.4 |
47 | Russia | 1.3 |
48 | Bulgaria | 1.3 |
49 | S. Korea | 1.2 |
50 | Dominican Rep. | 1.1 |
51 | Slovakia | 0.8 |
Asia Avg | 2.11 | |
World Avg | 3.82 | |
q=176. |
Digital Quality of Life Higher is better66 | ||
---|---|---|
Pos. | 202466 | |
1 | Germany | 77.9% |
2 | Finland | 76.9% |
3 | France | 73.9% |
... | ||
47 | Ukraine | 54.4% |
48 | Serbia | 53.5% |
49 | Turkey | 52.2% |
50 | Russia | 52.1% |
51 | Thailand | 51.4% |
52 | Bahrain | 51.1% |
53 | Brazil | 50.9% |
54 | Peru | 49.9% |
Asia Avg | 46.4% | |
World Avg | 48.4% | |
q=121. |
National Culture:
World Giving Index Higher is better67 | ||
---|---|---|
Pos. | 2022 %67 | |
1 | Indonesia | 68.0 |
2 | Kenya | 61.0 |
3 | USA | 59.0 |
... | ||
22= | Serbia | 46.0 |
22= | Netherlands | 46.0 |
22= | Jamaica | 46.0 |
22= | Russia | 46.0 |
22= | Iceland | 46.0 |
22= | Honduras | 46.0 |
22= | Mongolia | 46.0 |
22= | Denmark | 46.0 |
Asia Avg | 37.9 | |
World Avg | 39.6 | |
q=125. |
Corruption Higher is better68 | ||
---|---|---|
Pos. | 2022 Points68 | |
1 | Denmark | 90.0 |
2= | Finland | 87.0 |
2= | New Zealand | 87.0 |
... | ||
135 | Papua New Guinea | 30.0 |
136 | Gabon | 29.0 |
137= | Paraguay | 28.0 |
137= | Russia | 28.0 |
137= | Mali | 28.0 |
140 | Pakistan | 27.0 |
141= | Kyrgyzstan | 27.0 |
142 | Liberia | 26.0 |
Asia Avg | 39.98 | |
World Avg | 42.98 | |
q=180. |
In 1997, Russia began to be included in the Corruption Perception Index data, and entered at the 4th-worst in the world.
Happiness Higher is better69 | ||
---|---|---|
Pos. | 2024 Score69 | |
1 | Finland | 7.7 |
2 | Denmark | 7.5 |
3 | Iceland | 7.5 |
... | ||
63 | Honduras | 6.0 |
64 | Malaysia | 6.0 |
65 | Peru | 5.9 |
66 | Russia | 5.9 |
67 | Cyprus | 5.9 |
68 | China | 5.9 |
69 | Hungary | 5.9 |
70 | Trinidad & Tobago | 5.9 |
Asia Avg | 5.41 | |
World Avg | 5.58 | |
q=147. |
Creativity & Culture Lower is better36 | ||
---|---|---|
Pos. | 2017 Rank36 | |
1 | Belgium | 1 |
2 | Netherlands | 2 |
3 | Estonia | 3 |
... | ||
98 | Bolivia | 98 |
99 | El Salvador | 99 |
100 | Nicaragua | 100 |
101 | Russia | 101 |
102 | Vietnam | 102 |
103 | Armenia | 103 |
104 | Ghana | 104 |
105 | Bahrain | 105 |
Asia Avg | 99.0 | |
World Avg | 82.0 | |
q=163. |
Open Trading, Aid & Development Lower is better36 | ||
---|---|---|
Pos. | 2017 Rank36 | |
1 | Ireland | 1 |
2 | Denmark | 2 |
3 | Sweden | 3 |
... | ||
113 | China | 113 |
114 | S. Africa | 114 |
115 | Cape Verde | 115 |
116 | Russia | 116 |
117 | Angola | 117 |
118 | Guyana | 118 |
119 | Colombia | 119 |
120 | Congo, (Brazzaville) | 120 |
Asia Avg | 86.3 | |
World Avg | 82.0 | |
q=163. |
Peace Versus Instability:
Global Peace Index Lower is better70 | ||
---|---|---|
Pos. | 2023 Score70 | |
1 | Iceland | 1.12 |
2 | Denmark | 1.31 |
3 | Ireland | 1.31 |
... | ||
155 | Sudan | 3.02 |
156 | Somalia | 3.04 |
157 | Ukraine | 3.04 |
158 | Russia | 3.14 |
159 | Congo, DR | 3.21 |
160 | S. Sudan | 3.22 |
161 | Syria | 3.29 |
162 | Yemen | 3.35 |
Asia Avg | 2.17 | |
World Avg | 2.07 | |
q=163. |
Peacekeeping & Security Lower is better36 | ||
---|---|---|
Pos. | 2017 Rank36 | |
1 | Samoa | 1 |
2 | S. Africa | 2 |
3 | Tunisia | 3 |
... | ||
79 | Georgia | 79 |
80 | Albania | 80 |
81 | Gabon | 81 |
82 | Russia | 82 |
83 | Iran | 83 |
84 | Serbia | 84 |
85 | Mexico | 85 |
86 | Cambodia | 86 |
Asia Avg | 76.0 | |
World Avg | 82.0 | |
q=163. |
Refugees & UN Treaties Lower is better36 | ||
---|---|---|
Pos. | 2017 Rank36 | |
1 | Austria | 1 |
2 | Germany | 2 |
3 | Netherlands | 3 |
... | ||
94 | Qatar | 94 |
95 | Peru | 95 |
96 | Gabon | 96 |
97 | Russia | 97 |
98 | Papua New Guinea | 98 |
99 | Mexico | 99 |
100 | Senegal | 100 |
101 | Georgia | 101 |
Asia Avg | 92.2 | |
World Avg | 82.0 | |
q=163. |
Impact of Terrorism Lower is better71 | ||
---|---|---|
Pos. | 2019 Score71 | |
1 | Togo | 0.00 |
2 | Mongolia | 0.00 |
3 | Swaziland | 0.00 |
... | ||
111 | Israel | 4.53 |
112 | Iran | 4.72 |
113 | Chad | 4.76 |
114 | Russia | 4.90 |
115 | France | 5.01 |
116 | Indonesia | 5.07 |
117 | Nepal | 5.09 |
118 | Burundi | 5.10 |
Asia Avg | 3.60 | |
World Avg | 2.78 | |
q=150. |
Economic Inequality and Poverty:
Inequality in Life Expectancy Lower is better72 | ||
---|---|---|
Pos. | 201972 | |
1 | Iceland | 2.40 |
2= | Singapore | 2.50 |
2= | Hong Kong | 2.50 |
... | ||
55 | Bahamas | 6.80 |
56 | Sri Lanka | 7.00 |
57= | Costa Rica | 7.10 |
57= | Russia | 7.10 |
59 | Albania | 7.20 |
60= | Lebanon | 7.40 |
60= | Ukraine | 7.40 |
62 | Brunei | 7.60 |
Asia Avg | 11.80 | |
World Avg | 14.59 | |
q=184. |
Income Inequality (Gini Coefficient) Lower is better73 | ||
---|---|---|
Pos. | 2023 %73 | |
1 | Slovakia | 24.1%74 |
2 | Slovenia | 24.3%74 |
3 | Belarus | 24.4%75 |
... | ||
81= | Italy | 34.8%74 |
82 | Thailand | 34.9%74 |
83 | Ethiopia | 35.0%76 |
84= | Russia | 35.1%74 |
84= | Nigeria | 35.1%77 |
84= | Qatar | 35.1%78 |
87 | Liberia | 35.3%79 |
88= | Ivory Coast | 35.3%74 |
Asia Avg | 33.0% | |
World Avg | 36.5% | |
q=167. |
#afterlife #belief #buddhism #christianity #god #heaven #hell #hinduism #islam #judaism #religion #religion_in_russia #religiosity #russia #secularisation #ukraine #universalism
Religiosity (2018)60 | ||
---|---|---|
Pos. | Lower is better %60 | |
1 | China | 3 |
2 | Estonia | 6 |
3 | Czechia | 7 |
... | ||
16 | Albania | 15 |
17= | Lithuania | 16 |
17= | S. Korea | 16 |
17= | Russia | 16 |
20 | Australia | 18 |
21= | Vietnam | 18 |
22 | Bulgaria | 19 |
23= | Norway | 19 |
24 | Netherlands | 20 |
25= | Italy | 21 |
25= | Belarus | 21 |
27 | Ireland | 22 |
28= | Kazakhstan | 22 |
28= | Spain | 22 |
30 | Slovakia | 23 |
31= | Ukraine | 23 |
World Avg | 54.3 | |
q=106. |
Disbelief In God (2007)80 | ||
---|---|---|
Pos. | Higher is better %80 | |
1 | Vietnam | 81 |
2 | Japan | 65 |
3 | Sweden | 64 |
... | ||
16 | Norway | 31 |
17 | S. Korea | 30 |
18 | Finland | 28 |
19 | Russia | 27 |
20 | Australia | 25 |
21 | Taiwan | 24 |
22= | New Zealand | 22 |
22= | Canada | 22 |
24 | Latvia | 20 |
25= | Ukraine | 20 |
25= | Mongolia | 20 |
27 | Austria | 18 |
28= | Slovakia | 17 |
28= | Switzerland | 17 |
28= | Belarus | 17 |
31 | Greece | 16 |
World Avg | 9.9 | |
q=137. |
Data from the Pew Forum, a professional polling outfit, states that in 2010 the religious makeup of this country was as follows in the table below81:
Christian | 73.3% |
Muslim | 10% |
Hindu | 0.1% |
Buddhist | 0.1% |
Folk Religion | 0.2% |
Jewish | 0.2% |
Unaffiliated | 16.2% |
By adding up the Pew Forum data for the major monotheistic religions we can see that these make up 83.5% of the population. Yet there are simply too many who disbelieve in God for this to be true (27%). This is due to the so-called 'Census Effect', whereby many put down a religion for cultural reasons rather than because it reflects their beliefs. In highly Christian countries, as many as half of those who say they're a Christian lack any connection to a Church, and do not hold Christian beliefs (such as believing in God!).
It appears that when asked "What religion are you" many give pollsters the 'correct' answer despite how they actually feel, and despite what they actually believe. Although 83.9% of the populace say they belong to a religion, only 16% say that they are religious when the question is phrased as "Is religion an important part of your daily life?".
For more on this phenomenon, see:
"Institutionalized Religions Have Their Numbers Inflated by National Polls" by Vexen Crabtree (2009)
The CIA World Factbook has slightly different data, and states: Russian Orthodox 15-20%, Muslim 10-15%, other Christian 2% (2006 est.). note: estimates are of practicing worshipers; Russia has large populations of non-practicing believers and non-believers, a legacy of over seven decades of Soviet rule82.
The Afterlife: Ipsos-NA in 2011 gathered some statistics on Russia83. Despite the large numbers of Christians, not many have traditional beliefs in the afterlife - just 12%. More people don't know what to believe (36%). Some believe that upon death, you simply cease to exist (12%). Also, 2% specifically believe in heaven but not in hell (which is nice - making them possible "universalists"). 5% believe in reincarnation.
Freedom of Religion and Belief: Freedom of religion and belief is protected in law and in the constitution, however, Article 282 of the Criminal Code bans "Inciting religious hatred" which is sometimes over-used, or misused for political purposes84. The Russian Orthodox Church has run long-term and officially supported campaigns to restrict other religious groups85,31, especially since the religious liberalisation of Russia in 199085: "Since July 2016, when the “Yarovaya Law” entered into force, authorities fined over 100 religious activists, mainly evangelist Christians" for various minor oversights and The Jehovah's Witnesses were outlawed in 201730. The Russian Orthodox Church in conjunction with the State have been blocking the UN Human Rights Council and also putting obstacles in the way of Human Rights elsewhere31. They were the only mainstream religious body to condone Russia's invasion of Ukraine, much to the horror of other Christians and followers around the world86.
Links:
#christianity #religion_and_politics #Russia #secularisation #ukraine
Post-Communist Russia dropped its rugged opposition to organized religion, and allowed religious groups to operate again. The result was a revival of interest in religion88,89, causing a statistical tick in a world that is otherwise generally undergoing a process of secularisation (loss of religion). The Russian state pushes Orthodox Christianity, which has proven itself useful as "a tool for reconstructing political and geopolitical identity in a post-Soviet era"90. Without the ideology of the USSR to hold people together, Russia finds that Orthodox Christianity is a rather similar tool, so much so, that all of its traditional battles against human rights, conducted in the name of communism, are now handily conducted in the name of Christian identity, as are other political aims.
“Agadjanian (2006) underscores that 'religion was revived from Soviet oblivion, by both religious and secular camps, as a grand narrative believed to be full of strong symbolic content available for collective identity quests' [and] the same was true in other Eastern Orthodox countries Borowik (2006) underscores that 'in all the Eastern European cases, religion has probably become more important because it offers a tool for reconstructing political and geopolitical identity in a post-Soviet era.”
"The Meaning and Scope of Secularization" by Karel Dobbelaere (2011)90
Christian leaders around the world despaired in horror when in 2022 the Patriarch Kirill, head of the Russian Orthodox church, backed by his high-ranking Christian clergy, preached that the war against Ukraine was a righteous war being fought by that good man Putin for the future of Christianity in Ukraine, repeating official Russian excuses for the invasion.91.
See:
#democracy_challenges #disinformation #Elon_Musk #facebook #information_warfare #russia #tiktok #twitter
Information warfare is an explicit part of Russian doctrine, deemed suitable for peace-time92,93. Aside from direct and easily recognizable propaganda found in Russia Today and Sputnik93, the internet has seen 'web brigades' of Russian-paid actors trawling for content on selected topics, who then make destructive, abusive, aggressive, untrue and confusing comments, for the purpose of spreading doubt and disrupting conversations. This occurs on news sites' comments sections and on social media, in particular, on poorly-moderated platforms such as TikTok, Twitter and Facebook. Twitter in particular has become a swamp of such lies and misinformation since Elon Musk dismissed its content moderation teams. They often spread popularist and divisive content and as such, tend to be reposted by far-right activists; Donald Trump himself sometimes shares misinformation invented by Russian troll accounts.
The actors are often paid per comment, and specifically, for the amount of replies they generate, which means they often say things that are untrue and contentious; the quantity of replies boost the trolls' comments to the top of the list below the article. Because it is paid, those who participate are from around the world, not just from inside Russia. One of the first well-known troll farms was the "Internet Research Agency" owned by Yevgeny Prigozhin, who also ran the mercenary Wagner Group for Russia. Another is Operation Doppleganger which saw two companies, Structura National Technology and Social Design Agency, produce a range of slick websites that mimicked other news sites, but with fake news94. Operation Overload seeks to overwhelm news and fact-checkers with false material95,96. There is almost no counter to these trolls; they successfully disrupt conversations especially when several of them act together against a particular outlet, and, concerted campaigns can, and have, increase instability in Western countries97 and influenced elections93,98.
For more, see:
#estonia #EU #europe #france #georgia #germany #politics #russia #UK #ukraine
NATO has been warning for some time that Russia has been conducting long-term information warfare operations in Europe99,93, on a scale and sophistication that dwarves anything that NATO or Europe is doing in response100. "Senior Russian political figures have long cultivated relationships with nationalist and often anti-EU parties in Europe"101 (e.g. in the UK, France, Germany)93. They also fund and encourage mainstream parties (such as the UK's Conservatives102), if they are doing enough damage to the EU.97. On top of this, cyber-attacks and military operations have been used to subdue and intimidate several Baltic and Eastern-European countries (Estonia, Ukraine, Georgia)97,103,104.
For more, see: