The Human Truth Foundation

Eritrea (State of Eritrea)

https://www.humantruth.info/eritrea.html

By Vexen Crabtree 2013

#eritrea

Eritrea
State of Eritrea
StatusIndependent State
Social and Moral Index194th best
CapitalAsmara
Land Area 101 000km21
LocationAfrica
Population3.5m2
Life Expectancy66.54yrs (2017)3
GNI$1 729 (2017)4
ISO3166-1 CodesER, ERI, 2325
Internet Domain.er6
CurrencyNakfa (ERN)7
Telephone+2918

1. Overview

#eritrea #ethiopia

"Eritrea remains a one-man dictatorship under President Isaias Afewerki, now in his 26th year in power. It has no legislature, no independent civil society organizations or media outlets, and no independent judiciary"9.

The UN established Eritrea as an autonomous region within the Ethiopian federation in 1952. Ethiopia's full annexation of Eritrea as a province 10 years later sparked a violent 30-year struggle for independence that ended in 1991 with Eritrean rebels defeating government forces. Eritreans overwhelmingly approved independence in a 1993 referendum. ISAIAS Afworki has been Eritrea's only president since independence; his rule, particularly since 2001, has been highly autocratic and repressive. His government has created a highly militarized society by pursuing an unpopular program of mandatory conscription into national service, sometimes of indefinite length. A two-and-a-half-year border war with Ethiopia that erupted in 1998 ended under UN auspices in December 2000. The Eritrea-Ethiopia Boundary Commission (EEBC) created in April 2003 was tasked "to delimit and demarcate the colonial treaty border based on pertinent colonial treaties (1900, 1902, and 1908) and applicable international law." Eritrea for several years hosted a UN peacekeeping operation that monitored a 25 km-wide Temporary Security Zone. The EEBC on 30 November 2007 remotely demarcated the border, assigning the town of Badme to Eritrea, despite Ethiopia's maintaining forces there from the time of the 1998-2000 war. An increasingly hostile Eritrea insisted that the UN terminate its peacekeeping mission on 31 July 2008. Eritrea has accepted the EEBC's "virtual demarcation" decision and repeatedly called on Ethiopia to remove its troops. Ethiopia has not accepted the demarcation decision, and neither party has entered into meaningful dialogue to resolve the impasse. Eritrea is subject to several UN Security Council Resolutions (from 2009, 2011, and 2012) imposing various military and economic sanctions, in view of evidence that it has supported armed opposition groups in the region.

CIA's The World Factbook (2013)10

Book CoverEritrea, a mere sliver on the Horn of Africa, boasts a wealth of culture, history and natural beauty for travellers to experience. Historically intriguing, culturally compelling and scenically magical, Eritrea is one of the most secretive countries in Africa. For those who have a hankering for off-the-beaten-track places, it offers challenges and excitement aplenty, with a unique blend of natural and cultural highlights. The country wows visitors with its awesome scenery, from the quintessentially Abyssinian landscapes - escarpments, plateaus and soaring peaks - to the deserted beaches of the Red Sea coast.Culturally, Eritrea is a melting pot. It might be a tiddler of a country by Africa´s standards, but it hosts a kaleidoscopic range of ethnic groups who have contributed to a cultural fabric that ranges from rock-cut monasteries and Ottoman-era harbour towns, to the evening passeggiata on Asmara´s main thoroughfare.

Despite its human and natural riches, Eritrea endures the tough political and economic landscape and travellers are severely restricted. Nonetheless, this country remains one of the most inspiring destinations in Africa.

"The World" by Lonely Planet (2014)11

Largely because of the oppressive nature of the Isaias rule and the prolonged national service, about 12 percent of Eritrea´s population has fled the country. In2016 alone, 52,000 escaped, according to the latest United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) report.

"World Report 2018" by Human Rights Watch (2018)9

2. Eritrea National and Social Development

#economics #human_development #wealth

UN HDI (2021)12
Pos.Higher is better
Value12
1Switzerland0.962
2Norway0.961
3Iceland0.959
...
173Madagascar0.501
174Gambia0.500
175Ethiopia0.498
176Eritrea0.492
177Guinea-Bissau0.483
178Liberia0.481
179Congo, DR0.479
180Afghanistan0.478
Africa Avg0.56
World Avg0.72
q=191.
Gross National Income Per-Capita (2021)12
Pos.Higher is better
PPP $12
1Liechtenstein$146 830
2Singapore$90 919
3Qatar$87 134
...
177Burkina Faso$2 118
178Guinea-Bissau$1 908
179Afghanistan$1 824
180Eritrea$1 729
181Sierra Leone$1 622
182Madagascar$1 484
183Malawi$1 466
184Chad$1 364
Africa Avg$5 339
World Avg$20 136
q=193.
Social & Moral
Development Index
13
Pos.Lower is better
Avg Rank13
1Norway29.8
2Denmark30.0
3Finland33.7
...
189Tuvalu133.1
190Central African Rep.133.3
191Vatican City136.2
192S. Sudan136.6
193Equatorial Guinea137.1
194Eritrea137.4
195Chad137.8
196Somalia157.1
Africa Avg112.4
World Avg87.9
q=196.

The United Nations produces an annual Human Development Report which includes the Human Development Index. The factors taken into account include life expectancy, education and schooling and Gross National Income (GNI) amongst many others..

The Social and Moral Development Index concentrates on moral issues and human rights, violence, public health, equality, tolerance, freedom and effectiveness in climate change mitigation and environmentalism, and on some technological issues. A country scores higher for achieving well in those areas, and for sustaining that achievement in the long term. Those countries towards the top of this index can truly said to be setting good examples and leading humankind onwards into a bright, humane, and free future. See: Which are the Best Countries in the World? The Social and Moral Development Index.

3. Eritrea's Demographics and Migration

#birth_control #demographics #health #immigration #life_expectancy #longevity #migration #overpopulation #population

Population:

Eritrea's population is predicted to rise to 8.394 million by 2030. These millions of extra people will all need space to live, food to eat, energy to consume, and will increase the burden on the planet's resources. This country has a fertility rate of 4.28. The fertility rate is, in simple terms, the average amount of children that each woman has. The higher the figure, the quicker the population is growing, although, to calculate the rate you also need to take into account morbidity, i.e., the rate at which people die. If people live healthy and long lives and morbidity is low, then, 2.0 approximates to the replacement rate, which would keep the population stable. If all countries had such a fertility rate, population growth would end. The actual replacement rate in most developed countries is around 2.1.

Population2
Pos.2018
Population2
1China1.4b
2India1.4b
3USA327.1m
...
129Kuwait4.1m
130Moldova4.1m
131Georgia4.0m
132Eritrea3.5m
133Uruguay3.4m
134Bosnia & Herzegovina3.3m
135Mongolia3.2m
136Armenia3.0m
World Avg39.0m
q=195.
Life Expectancy
Higher is better
12
Pos.2021
Years12
1Monaco85.9
2Hong Kong85.5
3Japan84.8
...
137India67.2
138Fiji67.1
139Senegal67.1
140Eritrea66.5
141Tanzania66.2
142Pakistan66.1
143Rwanda66.1
144Palau66.0
World Avg71.28
q=195.
Fertility Rate
2.0 is best
14
Pos.201314
1N. Korea2.00
2Brunei1.99
3St Vincent & Grenadines2.01
...
143Solomon Islands4.08
144Burundi4.10
145Ivory Coast4.27
146Eritrea4.28
147Palestine4.31
148Cameroon4.33
149Mauritania4.40
150Congo, (Brazzaville)4.46
World Avg2.81
q=180.
Old-Age Dependency Ratio
Lower is better
15
Pos.2016
Per 10015
1Uganda04.3
2Mali04.5
3=Chad04.7
3=Burkina Faso04.7
5Sierra Leone04.8
6=Zambia04.8
7Eritrea04.9
8=Gambia04.9
9Angola05.0
10=Afghanistan05.0
10=Zimbabwe05.0
12Nigeria05.1
World Avg18.3
q=185.

Migration:

Immigrants16
Pos.2017
%16
1UAE88.4%
2Kuwait75.5%
3Qatar65.2%
...
178Afghanistan0.4%
179Haiti0.4%
180Brazil0.4%
181Eritrea0.3%
182Somalia0.3%
183Lesotho0.3%
184Peru0.3%
185Colombia0.3%
World Avg9.4%
q=195.
Emigrants17
Pos.2010
%17
1Dominica104.8%
2Palestine68.4%
3Samoa67.3%
...
30El Salvador20.5%
31Micronesia19.7%
32Belarus18.4%
33Eritrea18.0%
34Croatia17.1%
35Liechtenstein17.1%
36Cyprus17.0%
37Marshall Islands16.6%
World Avg11.5%
q=192.

4. Human Rights, Equality & Tolerance

#equality #eritrea #eritrea_human_rights #gender_equality #human_rights #international_law #morals #politics #prejudice #tolerance

Human Rights, Equality & Tolerance (2020)18
Pos.Lower is better
Avg Rank18
1Sweden9.0
2Norway14.5
3Denmark14.5
...
182Vanuatu137.8
183=Palestine138.0
183=Kiribati138.0
185Eritrea139.5
186Afghanistan140.6
187Djibouti140.6
Africa Avg108.2
World Avg87.9
q=199.
Eritrea is amongst the worst places in the world at ensuring human rights and freedom, and it has severe cultural issues when it comes to tolerance and equality. Eritrea does better than average in speed of uptake of HR treaties19. When it comes to most other metrics, Eritrea does not do well. It does worse than average for LGBT equality20, its nominal commitment to Human Rights21 (one of the worst in Africa) and in freethought22 (one of the highest in Africa). It falls into the worst-performing 20 in commentary in Human Rights Watch reports23. And finally, it is the worst in supporting press freedom24. In 2001, "the government closed all independent newspapers and arrested their editors and leading journalists. None were brought to trial. They remain in solitary detention. There are reliable reports that about half of them had died"9. "Eritreans are subject to arbitrary imprisonment. Arrest and harsh punishment including torture, are at the whim of security force commanders without trial or appeal"9.

For tables, charts and commentary, see:

5. Eritrea's Health

#alcohol #birth_control #demographics #health #life_expectancy #longevity #obesity #overpopulation #parenting #population #smoking #vaccines

Compared to Africa (2020)25
Pos.Lower is better
Avg Rank25
1Mauritius64.5
2Morocco73.1
3=Eritrea77.0
4Tunisia80.1
5Algeria87.3
6=Burundi87.4
7Libya90.5
8Sudan91.2
9Rwanda91.9
10Ethiopia93.3
11Sao Tome & Principe93.6
12Djibouti95.7
13Cape Verde97.3
Africa Avg108.2
q=54.
Health (2020)25
Pos.Lower is better
Avg Rank25
1Monaco13.0
2Hong Kong18.3
3Maldives41.0
...
35UAE75.8
36Iceland76.9
37=Netherlands77.0
37=Eritrea77.0
39Bahrain77.3
40Greece77.4
41Belgium77.9
42Armenia78.4
World Avg93.5
q=196.

The countries with the best overall approach to public health, in terms of both public policy and individual lifestyle choices, are Monaco, Hong Kong and The Maldives26. These countries are worth emulating. And, although often through no fault of the average citizen, the worst countries are The Marshall Islands, S. Sudan and Palau26.

The data sets used to calculate points for each country are its average life expectancy, its alcohol consumption rate, its fertility rate, its smoking rate, its suicide rate, its food aid and health contributions and WHO compliance, the prevalence of overweight adults, its adolescent birth rate and its immunizations take-up. The regions with the best average results per country are Scandinavia, Asia and The Mediterranean26, whereas the worst are Micronesia, Australasia and Africa26.

For more, see:

Health:

Eritrea does relatively well in encouraging good health, compared to many other countries. Eritrea does better than average when it comes to its smoking rate27, its alcohol consumption rate28 and in its immunizations take-up29. Eritrea does not succeed in everything, however. Eritrea does worse than average in its adolescent birth rate30 (still low for Africa), its average life expectancy12 (still high for Africa) and in its fertility rate14. The number of overweight adults has increased by 14% during the last 40 years. Life expectancy in Eritrea in 1990 was 49.8yrs, lower than the global average of 64.6, and in 1999 it had the 3rd worst in the world. But it improved greatly, by +17.5yrs, in the 30 years from then, well over double the global average improvement of +7.9yrs.

Life Expectancy
Higher is better
12
Pos.2021
Years12
1Monaco85.9
2Hong Kong85.5
3Japan84.8
...
137India67.2
138Fiji67.1
139Senegal67.1
140Eritrea66.5
141Tanzania66.2
142Pakistan66.1
143Rwanda66.1
144Palau66.0
Africa Avg62.79
World Avg71.28
q=195.
Alcohol Consumption
Lower is better
28
Pos.2016
Per Capita28
1Bangladesh0.0
2Kuwait0.0
3Libya0.0
...
28=Iran1.0
28=Vanuatu1.0
30Papua New Guinea1.2
31=Eritrea1.3
31=Guinea1.3
31=Mali1.3
34Solomon Islands1.4
35=Tonga1.5
Africa Avg4.8
World Avg6.2
q=189.
Fertility Rate
2.0 is best
14
Pos.201314
1N. Korea2.00
2Brunei1.99
3St Vincent & Grenadines2.01
...
143Solomon Islands4.08
144Burundi4.10
145Ivory Coast4.27
146Eritrea4.28
147Palestine4.31
148Cameroon4.33
149Mauritania4.40
150Congo, (Brazzaville)4.46
Africa Avg4.31
World Avg2.81
q=180.
Smoking Rates
Lower is better
27
Pos.201427
1Guinea 15
2Solomon Islands 26
3Kiribati 28
...
22Niger 105
23Sao Tome & Principe 111
24India 111
25Eritrea 114
26Haiti 114
27Peru 116
28Somalia 117
29Ghana 121
Africa Avg 340
World Avg 819
q=182.
Overweight Adults
Lower is better
31
Pos.2016
%31
1Vietnam18.3
2India19.7
3Bangladesh20.0
4Ethiopia20.9
5Nepal21.0
6Timor-Leste (E. Timor)21.6
7Cambodia21.7
8=Niger22.0
8=Eritrea22.0
10Burundi22.2
11Uganda22.4
12Afghanistan23.0
Africa Avg33.3
World Avg49.0
q=191.

Children's Health:

Adolescent Birth Rate
Lower is better
30
Pos.2015
Per 100030
1N. Korea0.5
2S. Korea1.6
3Switzerland2.9
...
112Cambodia51.6
113Egypt51.9
114St Lucia53.9
115Eritrea54.3
116Papua New Guinea54.8
117Uruguay56.1
118Costa Rica56.5
119Seychelles57.4
Africa Avg87.5
World Avg47.9
q=185.
Infant Immunizations 2011-2015
Higher is better
29
Pos.2015
Avg %29
1=Hungary99.0
1=China99.0
3Uzbekistan98.9
...
70Belize95.1
71Algeria95.0
72Tuvalu94.9
73Eritrea94.7
74Singapore94.6
75UK94.6
76Solomon Islands94.5
77Norway94.3
Africa Avg81.7
World Avg88.3
q=194.

6. Eritrea's Responsibility Towards The Environment

#biodiversity #climate_change #deforestation #over-exploitation #the_environment

Compared to Africa (2023)32
Pos.Lower is better
Avg Rank32
1Seychelles55.3
2Kenya57.4
3=Zambia57.6
...
45Sao Tome & Principe110.3
46Congo, (Brazzaville)111.8
47Mauritania114.5
48=S. Sudan118.0
49Zimbabwe119.0
50Liberia125.8
51Libya132.8
52Gabon141.7
53Eritrea155.0
Africa Avg90.1
q=53.
Responsibility Towards The Environment (2023)32
Pos.Lower is better
Avg Rank32
1Japan33.2
2Philippines45.0
3Uruguay48.0
...
181Tajikistan125.0
182Liberia125.8
183Bahrain128.0
184Haiti131.0
185Libya132.8
186Gabon141.7
187Palestine147.5
188Eritrea155.0
World Avg85.7
q=188.
Eritrea comes worst in the world in terms of its responsibility towards the environment. This rank is derived from 3 data sets. Eritrea does worse than average in how quickly it ratified the 1993 Convention on Biological Diversity and in its forested percent change 2000-202033. And finally, it falls into the worst-performing 20 in its environmental performance34.

Forest Area Change 2000-2020
Higher is better
33
Pos.Total33
1Guernsey82.6%
2Bahrain75.2%
3Iceland64.7%
...
174Zimbabwe-5.1%
175Panama-5.2%
176Samoa-5.7%
177Eritrea-5.7%
178Colombia-5.8%
179Cameroon-5.9%
180Venezuela-6.0%
181Honduras-6.3%
Africa Avg-8.7%
World Avg-0.1%
q=234.
Environmental Performance
Higher is better
34
Pos.201834
1Switzerland87.4
2France84.0
3Denmark81.6
...
162Swaziland40.3
163Djibouti40.0
164Papua New Guinea39.4
165Eritrea39.3
166Mauritania39.2
167Benin38.2
168Afghanistan37.7
169Pakistan37.5
Africa Avg46.4
World Avg56.4
q=180.
Convention on Biological Diversity
Earlier is better
Pos.Total
Signed
1=China1993 Dec 29
1=Guinea1993 Dec 29
1=Cook Islands1993 Dec 29
...
143Niue1996 May 28
144Madagascar1996 Jun 02
145Tanzania1996 Jun 06
146Eritrea1996 Jun 19
147Ireland1996 Jun 20
148Bulgaria1996 Jul 16
149Rwanda1996 Aug 27
150St Vincent & Grenadines1996 Sep 01
Africa Avg1899 Dec 30
World Avg1899 Dec 30
q=197.

7. Eritrea's Modernity and Learning

#education #modernity #technology #the_internet

Compared to Africa (2020)35
Pos.Lower is better
Avg Rank35
1S. Africa52.8
2Egypt70.4
3Tunisia73.4
...
45Central African Rep.146.3
46Equatorial Guinea149.3
47Chad150.6
48Niger151.0
49Guinea157.5
50Comoros160.5
51S. Sudan164.0
52Sierra Leone167.8
53Eritrea193.5
Africa Avg120.7
q=53.
Modernity & Learning (2020)35
Pos.Lower is better
Avg Rank35
1Finland8.4
2Taiwan10.0
3Switzerland15.1
...
198Niger151.0
199Solomon Islands152.7
200Haiti153.8
201Guinea157.5
202Comoros160.5
203S. Sudan164.0
204Sierra Leone167.8
205Eritrea193.5
World Avg83.2
q=205.

Modernity and Education:

Length of Schooling
Higher is better
36
Pos.2021
Years36
1Australia21.1
2New Zealand20.3
3Greece20.0
...
183Yemen9.1
184Senegal9.0
185Pakistan8.7
186Eritrea8.1
187Central African Rep.8.0
188Chad8.0
189Sudan7.9
190Djibouti7.4
Africa Avg11.0
World Avg13.5
q=193.

Technology and Information:

Internet Users
Higher is better
37
Pos.201637
1Iceland100%
2Faroe Islands99%
3Norway98%
...
194Myanmar (Burma)3%
195Sierra Leone2%
196Niger2%
197Guinea2%
198Somalia2%
199Burundi2%
200Timor-Leste (E. Timor)1%
201Eritrea1%
Africa Avg18.4%
World Avg48.1%
q=201.

8. National Culture

#corruption #politics

, with only a few signs of improvement.

Corruption
Higher is better
38
Pos.2022
Points38
1Denmark90.0
2=Finland87.0
2=New Zealand87.0
...
160Honduras23.0
161=Iraq23.0
162Sudan22.0
163=Eritrea22.0
164Congo, (Brazzaville)21.0
165=Guinea-Bissau21.0
166Congo, DR20.0
167=Nicaragua19.0
Africa Avg32.31
World Avg42.98
q=180.

Eritrea has a poor long-term record on corruption and in 2014 it fell into the 10th-worst position on the Corruption Perception Index.

9. Peace Versus Instability

#human_development #peace #politics

Global Peace Index
Lower is better
39
Pos.2023
Score39
1Iceland1.12
2Denmark1.31
3Ireland1.31
...
130S. Africa2.41
131USA2.45
132Brazil2.46
133Eritrea2.51
134Palestine2.54
135Lebanon2.58
136Mexico2.60
137Libya2.61
Africa Avg2.29
World Avg2.07
q=163.

10. Economic Inequality and Poverty

#health #inequality #life_expectancy

Inequality in Life Expectancy
Lower is better40
Pos.201940
1Iceland2.40
2=Singapore2.50
2=Hong Kong2.50
...
131India19.70
132Madagascar21.10
133Senegal21.20
134Eritrea21.40
135Timor-Leste (E. Timor)21.70
136Namibia22.10
137=Kenya22.50
137=Bolivia22.50
Africa Avg26.10
World Avg14.59
q=184.

11. Religion and Beliefs

#buddhism #christianity #eritrea #hinduism #islam #judaism #religion_in_eritrea

Data from the Pew Forum, a professional polling outfit, states that in 2010 the religious makeup of this country was as follows in the table below41:

Christian62.9%
Muslim36.6%
Hindu0.1%
Buddhist0.1%
Folk Religion0.4%
Jewish0.1%
Unaffiliated0.1%

The CIA World Factbook has slightly different data, and states: Muslim, Coptic Christian, Roman Catholic, Protestant42.

Freedom of Religion and Belief: The government does not respect its peoples' right to freedom of religion and belief. In recent years there has been an "increase in serious government violations of religious freedom, including mass arrests, torture and death for members of minority belief groups"43. Since 2002, only four official religious groups have been allowed to exist (Sunni Islam, Eritrean Orthodox, Roman Catholic, and Evangelical (Lutheran)9,44 and the government controls them closely. Failure to be a member of one of them is enough to be denied government services, and sometimes even arrested on the spot43.

Links: