Mauritius (The Republic of Mauritius)

Mauritius Republic of Mauritius
Status	Independent State
Social and Moral Index	46th best
Capital	Port Louis
Land Area	2 030km21
Location	Africa
Groupings	Small Islands
Population	1.3m2
Life Expectancy	73.56yrs (2017)3
GNI	$22 025 (2017)4
ISO3166-1 Codes	MU, MUS, 4805
Internet Domain	.mu6
Currency	Rupee (MUR)7
Telephone	+2308

1. Overview
2. Mauritius National and Social Development
3. Mauritius's Demographics and Migration
4. Mauritius's Human Rights, Equality & Tolerance
   1. Human Rights & Tolerance Datasets
   2. Gender Equality Datasets
   3. Prejudice Datasets
5. Mauritius's Health
   1. Health Datasets
   2. Children's Health Datasets
6. Mauritius's Responsibility Towards The Environment
   1. Birds
7. Mauritius's Modernity and Learning
   1. Modernity Datasets
   2. Education Datasets
   3. Technology and Information Datasets
8. Mauritius's Culture, Peace and Inequality
   1. National Culture Datasets
   2. Peace Versus Instability Datasets
   3. Economic Inequality and Poverty Datasets
9. Religion and Beliefs
10. The Status of Mauritius as a Tax Haven
11. Links

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1. Overview

#france #mauritius #netherlands #portugal #UK

“Although known to Arab and Malay sailors as early as the 10th century, Mauritius was first explored by the Portuguese in the 16th century and subsequently settled by the Dutch - who named it in honor of Prince Maurits van NASSAU - in the 17th century. The French assumed control in 1715, developing the island into an important naval base overseeing Indian Ocean trade, and establishing a plantation economy of sugar cane. The British captured the island in 1810, during the Napoleonic Wars. Mauritius remained a strategically important British naval base, and later an air station, playing an important role during World War II for anti-submarine and convoy operations, as well as the collection of signals intelligence. Independence from the UK was attained in 1968. A stable democracy with regular free elections and a positive human rights record, the country has attracted considerable foreign investment and has earned one of Africa's highest per capita incomes.”

CIA's The World Factbook (2013)₉

“Prediction for your arrival: it's a sunny, 29°C in the air and water. Soon you're lazing on a white-sand beach with a tropical fruit juice in hand - the best cure for winter blues. Mark Twain once wrote that 'Mauritius was made first and then heaven, heaven being copied after Mauritius'. For the most part, it's true: Mauritius is rightly famed for its sapphire waters, powder-white beaches and luxury resorts. But there´s so much more to Mauritius than the beach when it comes to attractions. There's bird-watching and hiking in the forested and mountainous interior or world-class diving and snorkelling. Or there are boat trips to near-perfect islets and excursions to fabulous botanical gardens and colonial plantation houses. Either way, the possibilities can seem endless. And the real Mauritius - a hot curry of different cultures, traffic and quiet fishing villages - is never far away.

Ultimately, Mauritius is the kind of place that rewards even the smallest attempts at exploration. So, if your biggest discovery is the beach butler service at your hotel, then you'll need to plan a second visit!”

"The World" by Lonely Planet (2014)₁₀

2. Mauritius National and Social Development

#economics #human_development #wealth

UN HDI (2021)11
Pos.		Higher is better Value11
1	Switzerland	0.962
2	Norway	0.961
3	Iceland	0.959
	...
60	Belarus	0.808
61	Panama	0.805
62	Malaysia	0.803
63=	Mauritius	0.802
63=	Georgia	0.802
63=	Serbia	0.802
66	Thailand	0.800
67	Albania	0.796
	Africa Avg	0.56
	World Avg	0.72
q=191.

Gross National Income Per-Capita (2021)11
Pos.		Higher is better PPP $11
1	Liechtenstein	$146 830
2	Singapore	$90 919
3	Qatar	$87 134
	...
59	St Kitts & Nevis	$23 358
60	Bulgaria	$23 079
61	Guyana	$22 465
62	Mauritius	$22 025
63	Uruguay	$21 269
64	Argentina	$20 925
65	Montenegro	$20 839
66	Costa Rica	$19 974
	Africa Avg	$5 339
	World Avg	$20 136
q=193.

Social & Moral Development Index12
Pos.		Lower is better Avg Rank12
1	Denmark	27.2
2	Norway	29.2
3	Sweden	30.2
	...
43	USA	64.1
44	Lithuania	64.2
45	Andorra	64.8
46	Mauritius	66.1
47	Bulgaria	68.6
48	Romania	70.2
49	Thailand	70.4
50	Argentina	70.6
	Africa Avg	115.2
	World Avg	89.2
q=200.

The United Nations produces an annual Human Development Report which includes the Human Development Index. The factors taken into account include life expectancy, education and schooling and Gross National Income (GNI) amongst many others..

The Social and Moral Development Index concentrates on moral issues and human rights, violence, public health, equality, tolerance, freedom and effectiveness in climate change mitigation and environmentalism, and on some technological issues. A country scores higher for achieving well in those areas, and for sustaining that achievement in the long term. Those countries towards the top of this index can truly said to be setting good examples and leading humankind onwards into a bright, humane, and free future. See: Which are the Best Countries in the World? The Social and Moral Development Index.

3. Mauritius's Demographics and Migration

#birth_control #demographics #fertility #health #immigration #life_expectancy #longevity #mauritius #migration #overpopulation #population #yemen

Population Datasets:

Mauritius's population is predicted to rise to 1.394 million by 2030. This rise is despite a low fertility rate, meaning, that this country is helping to alleviate problems with growing population in neighbouring countries by accepting immigrants, very likely as a requirement of maintaining an active workforce. This country has a fertility rate of 1.32. The fertility rate is, in simple terms, the average amount of children that each woman has. The higher the figure, the quicker the population will grow, although, to calculate the rate you also need to take into account morbidity - the rate at which people die. If people live healthy and long lives and morbidity is low, then, 2.0 approximates to the replacement rate (two new children for each set of parents who die), which would keep the population stable. If all countries had such a fertility rate, population growth would end. The actual replacement rate in most developed countries is around 2.1, once you take mortality into account₁₃. The highest fertility rate ever detected in a single year was in Yemen in 1985, at 8.86.₁₄

Mauritius was once forecast to have a much gloomier future after a population explosion in the late 1950s and early 1960s, with the New York Times in 1962 saying that if things continued as they were the island would hit 2m by year 2000 and be "reduced to indescribable misery"₁₅. The surge didn't last; life expectancy in Mauritius improved by only +5.7yrs in the 30 years from 1990, less than the global average of +7.9yrs. Thankfully, increasing education and women's rights worked to keep the fertility rate at a sensible level, and hence, the population stabilized.

Population2
Pos.		2018 Population2
1	China	1.4b
2	India	1.4b
3	USA	327.1m
	...
152	Estonia	1.3m
153	Equatorial Guinea	1.3m
154	Timor-Leste (E. Timor)	1.3m
155	Mauritius	1.3m
156	Cyprus	1.2m
157	Swaziland	1.1m
158	Djibouti	1.0m
159	Fiji	0.9m
	World Avg	39.0m
q=195.

Life Expectancy Higher is better11
Pos.		2021 Years11
1	Monaco	85.9
2	Hong Kong	85.5
3	Japan	84.8
	...
77	Ecuador	73.7
78	Vietnam	73.6
79	Latvia	73.6
80	Mauritius	73.6
81	Palestine	73.5
82	N. Korea	73.3
83	Trinidad & Tobago	73.0
84	Colombia	72.8
	World Avg	71.28
q=195. Also scored for 1990s-2010s.

Fertility Rate 2.0 is best16
Pos.		202216
1	US Virgin Islands	2.00
2	Ecuador	2.00
3	Nepal	2.01
	...
115	Micronesia	2.67
116	Canada	1.33
117	Marshall Islands	2.67
118=	Mauritius	1.32
118=	Finland	1.32
120	Thailand	1.32
121	Cyprus	1.31
122	Luxembourg	1.31
	World Avg	2.47
q=208. Also scored for 1960s-2010s.

Old-Age Dependency Ratio Lower is better17
Pos.		2016 Per 10017
1	Uganda	04.3
2	Mali	04.5
3=	Chad	04.7
	...
128	Sri Lanka	23.7
129	Moldova	24.7
130	China	25.3
131	Mauritius	25.9
132	Uruguay	26.8
133	Cyprus	26.9
134	Chile	27.0
135	Macedonia	27.7
	World Avg	18.3
q=185.

• The Population of the Earth
• Abortion, Birth Control and Contraception

Migration Datasets:

Immigrants18
Pos.		2017 %18
1	UAE	88.4%
2	Kuwait	75.5%
3	Qatar	65.2%
	...
117	Ecuador	2.4%
118	Paraguay	2.4%
119	Uruguay	2.3%
120	Mauritius	2.3%
121	Benin	2.3%
122	S. Korea	2.3%
123	Cameroon	2.2%
124	Bulgaria	2.2%
	World Avg	9.4%
q=195.

Emigrants19
Pos.		2010 %19
1	Dominica	104.8%
2	Palestine	68.4%
3	Samoa	67.3%
	...
58	Kyrgyzstan	11.2%
59	Tajikistan	11.2%
60	Cuba	10.9%
61	Mauritius	10.9%
62	Greece	10.8%
63	Mexico	10.7%
64	Andorra	10.7%
65	Liberia	10.5%
	World Avg	11.5%
q=192.

4. Mauritius's Human Rights, Equality & Tolerance

#equality #freedom #gender_equality #human_rights #morals #politics #prejudice #tolerance

Compared to Africa (2025)20
Pos.		Lower is better Avg Rank20
1	Cape Verde	65.1
2	S. Africa	70.5
3	Mauritius	76.4
4	Seychelles	83.6
5	Namibia	86.6
6	Ghana	89.8
7	Botswana	89.8
8	Lesotho	91.8
9	Burkina Faso	93.5
10	Senegal	94.6
11	Madagascar	100.2
12	Gabon	101.8
13	Mali	102.1
	Africa Avg	116.60
q=54.

Human Rights, Equality & Tolerance (2025)20
Pos.		Lower is better Avg Rank20
1	Sweden	7.5
2	Netherlands	8.6
3	Denmark	9.0
	...
60	Ukraine	73.9
61	Ecuador	74.6
62	Panama	76.4
63	Mauritius	76.4
64	Suriname	76.4
65	Romania	76.6
66	Guatemala	77.4
67	Macedonia	78.3
	World Avg	90.04
q=198.

The best countries in the world at ensuring human rights, fostering equality and promoting tolerance, are Sweden, The Netherlands and Denmark₂₁. These countries are displaying the best traits that humanity has to offer. The worst countries are Somalia, Eritrea and Saudi Arabia₂₁.

30 datasets are used to calculate points for each country, including multiple decades of data on supporting press freedom, combatting modern slavery, its average Freedom in the World rating, commentary in Human Rights Watch reports, its nominal commitment to Human Rights, speed of uptake of HR treaties, opposing gender inequality, the rate of gender bias (from 7 indicators), the year from which women could participate in democracy, its success in fighting anti-semitic prejudice, LGBT equality and freethought. The regions with the best average results per country are Scandinavia, Baltic States and Europe₂₁, whereas the worst are The Middle East, Africa and Asia₂₁.

For more, see:

• " Which are the Best Countries for Human Rights, Equality and Tolerance?" by Vexen Crabtree (2025).

4.1. Human Rights & Tolerance Datasets

#freedom #human_rights #international_law #mass_media #politics #slavery

Press Freedom Higher is better22
Pos.		202522
1	Norway	92.31
2	Estonia	89.46
3	Netherlands	88.64
	...
47	Belize	68.32
48	Italy	68.01
49	Mauritania	67.52
50	Mauritius	67.31
51	Ghana	67.13
52	Panama	66.75
53	Liberia	66.61
54	Romania	66.42
	Africa Avg	52.30
	World Avg	54.65
q=179. Also scored for 2000s-2010s.

Slavery in the 2020s Lower is better23
Pos.		Slavery in the 2020s Per 100023
1=	Switzerland	0.50
1=	Norway	0.50
3=	Germany	0.60
	...
8=	Japan	1.10
8=	Ireland	1.10
10	Finland	1.40
11	Mauritius	1.50
12=	Australia	1.60
12=	Lesotho	1.60
12=	New Zealand	1.60
15	Taiwan	1.70
	Africa Avg	6.90
	World Avg	7.15
q=160. Also scored for 2010s-2020s.

Freedom in the World Lower is better
Pos.		2024 Score
1=	Norway	1.0
1=	Canada	1.0
1=	Cape Verde	1.0
	...
51=	Jamaica	2.0
51=	Guyana	2.0
51=	USA	2.0
51=	Mauritius	2.0
51=	Argentina	2.0
51=	Greece	2.0
51=	Antigua & Barbuda	2.0
51=	Sao Tome & Principe	2.0
	Africa Avg	4.8
	World Avg	3.7
q=205. Also scored for 1970s-2010s.

Nominal Commitment to HR Higher is better24
Pos.		2009 Treaties24
1	Argentina	24
2=	Chile	23
2=	Costa Rica	23
	...
115=	Jamaica	14
115=	Jordan	14
115=	China	14
115=	Mauritius	14
115=	Botswana	14
115=	Madagascar	14
115=	Syria	14
115=	Sudan	14
	Africa Avg	14.8
	World Avg	15.1
q=194.

HR Treaties Lag Lower is better25
Pos.		2019 Avg Yrs/Treaty25
1	Ecuador	2.15
2	Uruguay	2.25
3	Tunisia	3.65
	...
44	Sri Lanka	6.91
45	Syria	7.02
46	Uganda	7.03
47	Mauritius	7.09
48	Australia	7.31
49	Brazil	7.36
50	Guinea	7.43
51	Finland	7.49
	Africa Avg	9.88
	World Avg	10.02
q=195.

4.2. Gender Equality Datasets

#gender #gender_equality #human_rights #misogyny #politics #women

The 1950s saw a late rush of 43 countries, including Mauritius and many developing nations, move to cease preventing women from voting. Mauritius has made some steps towards ending gender inequality but much more needs to be done.

See:

• "Religion Versus Womankind" by Vexen Crabtree (2007)

Gender Inequality Lower is better26
Pos.		202226
1	Denmark	0.01
2	Norway	0.01
3	Switzerland	0.02
	...
83	Jamaica	0.35
84	Mexico	0.36
85	El Salvador	0.37
86	Mauritius	0.37
87	Peru	0.37
88	Ecuador	0.37
89	Sri Lanka	0.37
90	Lebanon	0.38
	Africa Avg	0.53
	World Avg	0.34
q=166. Also scored for 1990s-2010s.

Year Women Can Vote Lower is better
Pos.		Year Women Can Vote Year
1	New Zealand	1893
2	Australia	1902
3	Finland	1906
	...
107=	Cambodia	1955
108=	Mali	1956
108=	Benin	1956
108=	Mauritius	1956
108=	Somalia	1956
108=	Gabon	1956
108=	Egypt	1956
108=	Comoros	1956
	Africa Avg	1961
	World Avg	1930
q=189.

4.3. Prejudice Datasets

#2020s #antisemitism #freethought #homosexuality #religious_tolerance

Anti-Semite Opinions Lower is better27
Pos.		2014 %27
1	Laos	0
2	Philippines	3
3	Sweden	4
	...
73=	Dominican Rep.	41
74	Serbia	42
75=	Bulgaria	44
75=	Mauritius	44
77	Poland	45
78	Indonesia	48
79	Panama	52
80=	Senegal	53
	Africa Avg	45.9
	World Avg	36.8
q=101.

LGBT Equality in the 2020s Higher is better28
Pos.		LGBT Equality in the 2020s Score28
1=	Germany	4.88
1=	Spain	4.88
3	Portugal	4.81
	...
156	Kuwait	-3.44
157	Namibia	-3.52
158	Tuvalu	-3.53
159	Mauritius	-3.94
160	Ivory Coast	-3.95
161=	Benin	-4.09
161=	Equatorial Guinea	-4.09
163	Niger	-4.12
	Africa Avg	-3.78
	World Avg	-1.21
q=215. Also scored for 1970s-2020s.

Criminal Code criminalizes sodomy (reform cases ongoing)

ILGA researchers in 2017 found that Mauritius had legal protections against anti-LGBT employment discrimination, and other protections.

Actions taken at the United Nations:

•  ⇡  Supported the 2008 Declaration at the UN General Assembly affirming LGBTQ rights, tabled by Argentina.
•  ⇡  Voted in favour of the 2011 Resolution at the UN Human Rights Council posted by South Africa, requesting a report on discrimination and violence against LGBTQ folk.

Freedom of Thought Lower is better29
Pos.		202129
1=	Belgium	1.0
1=	Taiwan	1.0
1=	Netherlands	1.0
	...
77=	Latvia	2.8
77=	Monaco	2.8
77=	Jamaica	2.8
77=	Mauritius	2.8
77=	Gambia	2.8
77=	Montenegro	2.8
77=	Argentina	2.8
77=	UK	2.8
	Africa Avg	3.1
	World Avg	3.0
q=196.

5. Mauritius's Health

#health

Compared to Africa (2025)30
Pos.		Lower is better Avg Rank30
1	Mauritius	72.2
2	Tunisia	73.9
3	Seychelles	78.0
4	Morocco	85.7
5	Cape Verde	97.0
6	Algeria	97.2
7	Libya	100.6
8	Sao Tome & Principe	108.5
9	Botswana	108.7
10	Egypt	113.2
11	Ghana	117.4
12	Rwanda	117.5
13	Kenya	119.7
	Africa Avg	127.77
q=54.

Health (2025)30
Pos.		Lower is better Avg Rank30
1	Monaco	10.3
2	Liechtenstein	30.1
3	Japan	40.8
	...
49	Poland	71.1
50	Malta	71.3
51	Hungary	72.0
52	Mauritius	72.2
53	Greenland	72.3
54	Slovakia	72.8
55	Montenegro	73.5
56	Tunisia	73.9
	World Avg	97.39
q=207.

The countries with the best overall approach to public health, in terms of both public policy and individual lifestyle choices, are Monaco, Liechtenstein and Japan₃₁. These countries are worth emulating. And, although often through no fault of the average citizen, the worst countries are Angola, Somalia and S. Sudan₃₁.

42 datasets are used to calculate points for each country, including multiple decades of data on its average life expectancy, its alcohol consumption rate, its fertility rate, its smoking rate, its suicide rate, its food aid and health contributions and WHO compliance, the prevalence of overweight adults, obesity rate, its adolescent birth rate, delivery rate of infant DTP immunizations, delivery rate of 7x Infant Immunizations 2011-2015 and childhood mortality. The regions with the best average results per country are Scandinavia, Europe and The Mediterranean₃₁, whereas the worst are Micronesia, Africa and Melanesia₃₁.

For more, see:

• "Countries With the Healthiest Cultures and Health Policies" by Vexen Crabtree (2025).

5.1. Health Datasets

#2010s #alcohol #birth_control #demographics #health #life_expectancy #longevity #mauritius #mental_health #obesity #overpopulation #smoking #suicide #vaccines

Mauritius does relatively well in encouraging good health, compared to many other countries. Mauritius does better than average when it comes to delivery rate of 7x Infant Immunizations 2011-2015₃₂ (amongst the highest in Africa), its alcohol consumption rate₃₃, the prevalence of overweight adults₃₄ (but high for Africa), its adolescent birth rate₃₅, delivery rate of infant DTP immunizations in the 2020s₃₆, childhood mortality in the 2020s₃₇ and in its average life expectancy₁₁. But, there's bad news too. Mauritius does worse than average in its smoking rate₃₈, its suicide rate₃₉, its fertility rate₁₆ (still good for Africa) and in its food aid and health contributions and WHO compliance₄₀. The number of overweight adults has increased by 14% between 1976 and 2016. Life expectancy in Mauritius improved by +5.7yrs in the 30 years from 1990, less than the global average of +7.9yrs. Mauritius's peak fertility rate was 6.18 in 1961.

Life Expectancy Higher is better11
Pos.		2021 Years11
1	Monaco	85.9
2	Hong Kong	85.5
3	Japan	84.8
	...
77	Ecuador	73.7
78	Vietnam	73.6
79	Latvia	73.6
80	Mauritius	73.6
81	Palestine	73.5
82	N. Korea	73.3
83	Trinidad & Tobago	73.0
84	Colombia	72.8
	Africa Avg	62.79
	World Avg	71.28
q=195. Also scored for 1990s-2010s.

Alcohol Consumption Lower is better33
Pos.		2016 Per Capita33
1	Bangladesh	0.0
2	Kuwait	0.0
3	Libya	0.0
	...
59=	Central African Rep.	3.3
59=	Tajikistan	3.3
61	Kenya	3.4
62	Mauritius	3.6
63	Malawi	3.7
64=	El Salvador	3.8
64=	Gambia	3.8
64=	Israel	3.8
	Africa Avg	4.8
	World Avg	6.2
q=189.

Fertility Rate 2.0 is best16
Pos.		202216
1	US Virgin Islands	2.00
2	Ecuador	2.00
3	Nepal	2.01
	...
115	Micronesia	2.67
116	Canada	1.33
117	Marshall Islands	2.67
118=	Mauritius	1.32
118=	Finland	1.32
120	Thailand	1.32
121	Cyprus	1.31
122	Luxembourg	1.31
	Africa Avg	3.97
	World Avg	2.47
q=208. Also scored for 1960s-2010s.

Smoking in the 2020s Lower is better38
Pos.		Smoking in the 2020s %38
1	Nigeria	3.3%
2	Ghana	3.4%
3	Panama	5.2%
	...
90	Uruguay	20.5%
91	Tunisia	20.6%
92	S. Africa	20.7%
93	Mauritius	21.0%
94	Algeria	21.2%
95=	Netherlands	21.3%
95=	Germany	21.3%
97	Yemen	21.4%
	Africa Avg	12.4%
	World Avg	20.0%
q=165. Also scored for 2000s-2020s.

Suicide Rate in the 2010s Lower is better39
Pos.		Suicide Rate in the 2010s Per 100k39
1=	Jordan	1.00
1=	Sao Tome & Principe	1.00
1=	Antigua & Barbuda	1.00
	...
112	Argentina	8.95
113	Singapore	9.08
114=	China	9.15
114=	Mauritius	9.15
116	Gabon	9.25
117	Fiji	9.67
118	Togo	9.77
119	Kyrgyzstan	10.02
	Africa Avg	7.70
	World Avg	9.24
q=185. Also scored for 2000s-2010s.

Food Aid, Health Contributions & WHO Compliance Lower is better40
Pos.		2017 Rank40
1	Sweden	1
2	Ireland	2
3	Denmark	3
	...
123	Laos	123
124	Antigua & Barbuda	124
125	Burkina Faso	125
126	Mauritius	126
127	Congo, DR	127
128	Gabon	128
129	Ivory Coast	129
130	Mongolia	130
	Africa Avg	117.0
	World Avg	82.0
q=163.

Overweight Adults Lower is better34
Pos.		1976 %34
1	Bangladesh	4.7
2	Vietnam	5.1
3	Nepal	5.4
	...
64	Zimbabwe	16.3
65=	N. Korea	16.8
65=	Brunei	16.8
67	Mauritius	17.0
68	Seychelles	17.4
69=	Haiti	20.2
69=	Yemen	20.2
71	Djibouti	20.5
	Africa Avg	13.4
	World Avg	27.1
q=191.

Adult Obesity Lower is better41
Pos.		2022 %41
1	Vietnam	2.1%
2	Timor-Leste (E. Timor)	2.2%
3	Ethiopia	2.4%
	...
71	Spain	19.2%
72	Lesotho	19.3%
73	Kazakhstan	19.3%
74	Mauritius	19.5%
75	Norway	19.8%
76	Vanuatu	19.9%
77	Gabon	20.0%
78	Papua New Guinea	20.1%
	Africa Avg	13.7%
	World Avg	24.7%
q=199. Also scored for 1990s-2010s.

5.2. Children's Health Datasets

#children's_health #health #parenting #population #vaccines

Adolescent Birth Rate Lower is better35
Pos.		2022 Per 100035
1	Hong Kong	1.6
2	Denmark	1.8
3	S. Korea	2.1
	...
73	Hungary	21.9
74	Djibouti	22.7
75	Chile	22.8
76	Mauritius	24.0
77	Jordan	24.9
78	Mongolia	25.0
79	Bahamas	25.1
80	Morocco	25.5
	Africa Avg	84.6
	World Avg	43.8
q=195. Also scored for 1990s-2010s.

Infant DTP Immunizations (2020s) Higher is better36
Pos.		Infant DTP Immunizations (2020s) Avg %36
1=	Luxembourg	99.0
1=	Oman	99.0
1=	Niue	99.0
	...
75=	Uruguay	95.6
75=	Spain	95.6
75=	Malaysia	95.6
78	Mauritius	95.5
79	Croatia	95.3
80	Czechia	95.1
81	Kenya	94.9
82	Bermuda	94.8
	Africa Avg	82.9
	World Avg	88.5
q=211. Also scored for 1980s-2020s.

7x Infant Immunizations (2011-2015) Higher is better32
Pos.		2015 Avg %32
1=	Hungary	99.0
1=	China	99.0
3	Uzbekistan	98.9
	...
18	Cuba	97.9
19	Belgium	97.8
20	Thailand	97.8
21=	Mauritius	97.6
21=	Fiji	97.6
23	Kuwait	97.5
24	Morocco	97.5
25=	Monaco	97.3
	Africa Avg	81.7
	World Avg	88.3
q=194.

Infant Mortality (2020s) Lower is better37
Pos.		Infant Mortality (2020s) Per 100037
1	San Marino	2.11
2	Finland	2.59
3	Luxembourg	2.60
	...
75	Turkey	13.98
76	Libya	14.17
77	Seychelles	14.49
78	Mauritius	14.97
79	El Salvador	15.03
80	Kosovo	15.11
81	Armenia	15.18
82	Bahamas	15.20
	Africa Avg	71.63
	World Avg	32.19
q=195. Also scored for 1960s-2020s.

6. Mauritius's Responsibility Towards The Environment

#biodiversity #climate_change #deforestation #environmentalism #food #internationalism #mauritius #meat #over-exploitation #the_environment #veganism #vegetarianism

Compared to Africa (2025)42
Pos.		Lower is better Avg Rank42
1	Morocco	46.5
2	Burundi	47.8
3	Mali	51.0
4	Madagascar	52.4
5	Nigeria	55.8
6	Rwanda	56.4
7	Uganda	57.8
8	Kenya	57.9
9	Mauritius	58.1
10	Ghana	58.6
11	Tunisia	60.1
12	Niger	61.3
13	Tanzania	61.6
	Africa Avg	78.58
q=53.

Responsibility Towards The Environment (2025)42
Pos.		Lower is better Avg Rank42
1	Sri Lanka	34.9
2	Uruguay	43.2
3	Switzerland	45.0
	...
20	Uganda	57.8
21	Kenya	57.9
22	Portugal	58.0
23	Mauritius	58.1
24	Germany	58.2
25	Ghana	58.6
26	Thailand	59.5
27	Spain	59.5
	World Avg	84.93
q=199.

We have known for a long term that we must protect the environment from habitation destruction, over-exploitation, pollution, and the emissions that cause climate change. In 1998, Greenpeace wrote that "Environment can no longer be meaningfully separated from health, quality of life, democracy, education, economy or trade"₄₃. What countries have been doing the right thing, via legislation and national culture? All countries' current and historical approach towards the environment is gauged via 21 datasets, including multiple decades of data on its forested percent change 2000-2020, its environmental performance, energy to GDP efficiency, its sign-up rate to major international accords on protecting the environment, the rate of rational beliefs on the environment in the population, reducing annual meat consumption per person and its score on the Green Future Index.

The countries that do the best (Sri Lanka, Uruguay and Switzerland) tend to have avoided the excesses of early industrial countries, and have not yet repeated the same mistakes of environmental destruction - at least, not on the same scale. The regions with the best average results per country are Central America, South America and Scandinavia. The worst are Eritrea, The Vatican City and Timor-Leste (E. Timor), and the worst regions Micronesia, Australasia and Melanesia.

For more, see:

• "Countries With the Best Environmental Records" by Vexen Crabtree (2025).

Mauritius ranks 23rd in the world regarding its responsibility towards the environment. This rank is formulated from 21 data sets. Mauritius does better than average for its sign-up rate to major international accords on protecting the environment, energy to GDP efficiency₄₄ (but high for Africa) and in its environmental performance₄₅. But, there's bad news too. Mauritius does worse than average when it comes to reducing annual meat consumption per person₄₆ and in its forested percent change 2000-2020₄₇.

Mauritius was subject to a massive oil spill in August 2000, and the government handled it so poorly, and the effects on the environment so disastrous, that there was widespread civil unrest against the government over several months₄₈.

Forest Area Change 2000-2020 Higher is better47
Pos.		Total47
1	Guernsey	82.6%
2	Bahrain	75.2%
3	Iceland	64.7%
	...
181	Honduras	-6.3%
182	Equatorial Guinea	-6.5%
183	N. Korea	-6.7%
184	Mauritius	-7.5%
185	Liberia	-7.5%
186	Bolivia	-7.9%
187	Singapore	-7.9%
188	Guinea-Bissau	-8.0%
	Africa Avg	-8.7%
	World Avg	-0.1%
q=234.

Environmental Performance Higher is better45
Pos.		201845
1	Switzerland	87.4
2	France	84.0
3	Denmark	81.6
	...
87	Ecuador	57.4
88	Algeria	57.2
89	Cape Verde	56.9
90	Mauritius	56.6
91	St Lucia	56.2
92	Bolivia	56.0
93	Barbados	55.8
94	Georgia	55.7
	Africa Avg	46.4
	World Avg	56.4
q=180.

Energy to GDP Efficiency Lower is better44
Pos.		2022 Avg44
1	Rwanda	0.25
2	Chad	0.26
3	Tanzania	0.31
	...
77	Poland	1.01
78	Montenegro	1.03
79	Lesotho	1.03
80	Mauritius	1.03
81	Macedonia	1.04
82	Austria	1.04
83	Japan	1.05
84	Benin	1.06
	Africa Avg	0.83
	World Avg	1.23
q=165. Also scored for 1960s-2010s.

International Accords on the Environment Higher is better
Pos.		International Accords on the Environment Avg Rate
1	Sweden	83%
2	Canada	82%
3	Norway	81%
	...
20	Armenia	72%
21	Montenegro	72%
22	Peru	72%
23	Mauritius	72%
24	Brazil	71%
25	Chile	71%
26	S. Africa	71%
27	Cyprus	71%
	Africa Avg	56.4%
	World Avg	57.5%
q=197. Also scored for 1970s-2020s.

Mauritius is particularly vulnerable to the effects of climate change; it was one of 18 countries who enacted Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) in its first year (1975) and one of 30 who signed the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) on its first day; and also, signed the Paris Agreement within the first few months in Q2 2016.

Meat Consumption Lower is better46
Pos.		2021 kg46
1	Congo, DR	03.0
2	Burundi	03.5
3	Bangladesh	04.3
	...
93	Vietnam	52.6
94	Dominican Rep.	53.5
95	Peru	54.0
96	Mauritius	54.2
97	Saudi Arabia	55.1
98	Zimbabwe	56.0
99	Belize	56.6
100	Japan	57.2
	Africa Avg	24.9
	World Avg	52.5
q=185. Also scored for 2010s.

6.1. Birds ₄₉

#birds #conservation #environmentalism #over_exploitation #overpopulation

At the end of the 17th century Francois Leguat in Mauritius reported that "this island fairly abounded with Wild Geese and Ducks, Moorhens, Quails, Sea and Land Tortoises, but now all these have become scarce"₅₀. Birds are especially at risk in small islands. "About 171 of the planet's bird species and subspecies are believed to have become extinct: 155 of them (about 91%) are from small islands"₅₁.

It was in Mauritius was where the infamous Dodo went extinct. The last one was seen in 1662 when it was caught and eaten by sailors. Humans introduced pigs and rats to the islands, both of which decimated local populations of ground-nesting birds and many other species. Carelessness was one main cause of this tragic over-exploitation and sometimes-accidental destruction. Reports of the loss of the Dodo and of our other environmental impacts were spread far and wide, amidst rising concern. European colonies had gained experience of how to manage island life better, in a sustainable manner, but it was impossible to slow the commercial tide of exploitation, and difficult to sway policy-makers back home. 'Alliances of island administrators, settlers and visiting scientists attempt[ed] to reset the course of the small tropical islands, several centuries ago'. "In the past 400 years, the basic elements of the dodo story have been repeated on numerous occasions"₅₁ and the fight looks much the same today, with groups such as AOSIS, a federation of dozens of island nations, being at the loud forefront of the fight against climate change on behalf of almost-powerful small islands.₅₀

7. Mauritius's Modernity and Learning

#education #modernity #technology #the_internet

Compared to Africa (2025)52
Pos.		Lower is better Avg Rank52
1	S. Africa	63.3
2	Seychelles	63.4
3	Tunisia	68.7
4	Mauritius	69.1
5	Egypt	75.6
6	Morocco	81.0
7	Algeria	87.5
8	Gabon	87.6
9	Cape Verde	87.7
10	Libya	92.8
11	Botswana	104.8
12	Kenya	107.0
13	Djibouti	107.9
	Africa Avg	124.71
q=54.

Modernity & Learning (2025)52
Pos.		Lower is better Avg Rank52
1	Finland	6.1
2	Iceland	8.1
3	Denmark	8.8
	...
77	Uzbekistan	68.5
78	Tunisia	68.7
79	Venezuela	68.8
80	Mauritius	69.1
81	China	69.3
82	Lebanon	69.8
83	UAE	71.4
84	USA	72.0
	World Avg	84.96
q=197.

The most modern countries, with the best results from education, the highest levels of research, and with the easiest access to information on the Internet, are Finland, Iceland and Denmark₅₃. The worst countries are S. Sudan, Eritrea and Somalia₅₃. Despite improves in global education, access to tertiary (adult) education is becoming increasingly unequal between the rich haves and the poor have-nots₅₄.

“Education, at all levels and ages, is the single most vital support for equality as well as being a country's most vital economic and social resource. [...] Every successful aspirant to modernisation and economic development, from Japan to South Korea, China to Chile, has got there with a big emphasis on education.”

Bill Emmott (2017)₅₅

27 datasets are used to calculate points for each country, including multiple decades of data on Research and Development, Intellectual Endeavours, metric system adoption rate, Religiosity, IQ, Secondary Education, Length of Schooling, Maths, Science & Reading, the percent of citizens with access to the internet, Freedom On The Internet, IT Security, IPv6 Uptake and digital quality of life. The regions with the best average results per country are Scandinavia, Baltic States and Europe₅₃, whereas the worst are Melanesia, Africa and Micronesia₅₃.

For more, see:

• " Which Countries are Most Modern, With the Best Education and Internet Access?" by Vexen Crabtree (2025).

7.1. Modernity Datasets

#metric #research #science

Research & Development Higher is better
Pos.		2016 % RDP PPP
1	S. Korea	4.2956
2	Israel	4.1156
3	Japan	3.5856
	...
92	Burkina Faso	0.2057
93	Vietnam	0.1958
94=	Panama	0.1858
94=	Mauritius	0.1859
96=	Oman	0.1760
96=	Kazakhstan	0.1760
98=	Bolivia	0.1657
98=	Kyrgyzstan	0.1658
	Africa Avg	0.36
	World Avg	0.84
q=126.

Intellectual Endeavours Lower is better40
Pos.		2017 Rank40
1	Ukraine	1
2	Czechia	2
3	Hungary	3
	...
80	Kyrgyzstan	80
81	Saudi Arabia	81
82	Uganda	82
83	Mauritius	83
84	UAE	84
85	Tonga	85
86	Georgia	86
87	Benin	87
	Africa Avg	106.4
	World Avg	82.0
q=163.

Metric System Adoption Rate Higher is better61
Pos.		2025 %61
1=	Slovakia	100
1=	Poland	100
1=	Portugal	100
	...
55=	Armenia	95
55=	Belarus	95
55=	Georgia	95
55=	Mauritius	95
55=	Chile	95
55=	Azerbaijan	95
55=	Ecuador	95
55=	Colombia	95
	Africa Avg	90
	World Avg	92
q=187. Also scored for 1960s-2020s.

Mauritius officially adopted metric in 1878₆₂. Progression:

• 1960 (60%): Metric established; mixed everyday use.
• 1970 (80%): Commerce/education standardized metric.
• 1980 (90%): Metric dominant across sectors.
• 2000 (95%).
• 2025 (95%).

7.2. Education Datasets

#education

Secondary Education Higher is better63
Pos.		201863
1=	Luxembourg	100.0%
1=	Estonia	100.0%
1=	Austria	100.0%
	...
79	Vietnam	69.4%
80	Venezuela	69.2%
81	Qatar	67.5%
82	Mauritius	66.9%
83	Oman	66.4%
84	Jamaica	66.3%
85	Egypt	65.3%
86	Argentina	64.8%
	Africa Avg	34.4%
	World Avg	63.0%
q=169.

Length of Schooling Higher is better64
Pos.		2021 Years64
1	Australia	21.1
2	New Zealand	20.3
3	Greece	20.0
	...
54	Kuwait	15.3
55	Japan	15.2
56	Liechtenstein	15.2
57	Mauritius	15.2
58	Belarus	15.2
59	Croatia	15.1
60	Montenegro	15.1
61	Hungary	15.0
	Africa Avg	11.0
	World Avg	13.5
q=193. Also scored for 1990s-2010s.

7.3. Technology and Information Datasets

#modernity #technology #the_internet

Internet Users (2020s) Higher is better
Pos.		Internet Users (2020s)
1=	Iceland	99%
1=	Kuwait	99%
1=	UAE	99%
	...
101	Peru	74%
102	St Kitts & Nevis	74%
103	Guyana	74%
104	Mauritius	74%
105	Panama	73%
106	Colombia	73%
107	Moldova	72%
108	Egypt	72%
	Africa Avg	41.0%
	World Avg	67.8%
q=188. Also scored for 1990s-2020s.

IPv6 Uptake Higher is better65
Pos.		2017 Ratio65
1	Belgium	55.4
2	Germany	41.8
3	Switzerland	35.1
	...
85=	Paraguay	0.0
85=	Chile	0.0
85=	US Virgin Islands	0.0
85=	Mauritius	0.0
89=	Botswana	0.0
89=	El Salvador	0.0
89=	Kenya	0.0
89=	Cameroon	0.0
	Africa Avg	0.04
	World Avg	3.82
q=176.

Digital Quality of Life Higher is better66
Pos.		202466
1	Germany	77.9%
2	Finland	76.9%
3	France	73.9%
	...
74	Georgia	43.4%
75	Dominican Rep.	43.4%
76	Ecuador	43.3%
77	Mauritius	42.9%
78	Jordan	42.6%
79	Egypt	42.5%
80	Panama	41.6%
81	Paraguay	41.2%
	Africa Avg	32.3%
	World Avg	48.4%
q=121.

8. Mauritius's Culture, Peace and Inequality

#charitability #culture #equality #human_development #inequality #peace

Compared to Africa (2025)67
Pos.		Lower is better Avg Rank67
1	Mauritius	48.7
2=	Seychelles	67.2
3	Tunisia	77.0
4	Botswana	81.9
5	Cape Verde	82.8
6	Morocco	84.6
7	S. Africa	84.7
8	Egypt	91.9
9	Senegal	92.9
10	Ghana	93.2
11	Namibia	95.2
12	Sao Tome & Principe	96.1
13	Kenya	96.7
	Africa Avg	109.31
q=53.

Culture, Peace & Inequality (2025)67
Pos.		Lower is better Avg Rank67
1	Denmark	10.4
2	Netherlands	11.8
3	Finland	12.2
	...
34	Taiwan	45.2
35	Costa Rica	46.8
36	Malaysia	47.3
37	Mauritius	48.7
38	UAE	49.1
39	Uruguay	51.4
40	Croatia	51.6
41	Barbados	51.9
	World Avg	80.47
q=183.

This is the final pillar of the Social and Moral Development Index; it has 39 datasets, including multiple decades of data on resisting corruption, Creativity and Culture, overall happiness, Open Trading, Aid and Development, passport utility (so far), personal financial stability, World Giving Index, its Global Peace Index rating, Peacekeeping and Security, Refugees and UN Treaties, the impact of terrorism, poverty (so far), life expectancy inequality, Income Inequality (Gini Coefficient) and Multidimensional Poverty.

For more, see:

• "Which are the Countries for International Contributions, Creativity, Peace and Inequality?" by Vexen Crabtree (2026).

8.1. National Culture Datasets

#charity #corruption #freedom #happiness #internationalism #morals #politics

Corruption Higher is better68
Pos.		2022 Points68
1	Denmark	90.0
2=	Finland	87.0
2=	New Zealand	87.0
	...
55=	Malta	51.0
55=	Saudi Arabia	51.0
57=	Croatia	50.0
57=	Mauritius	50.0
59	Namibia	49.0
60	Vanuatu	48.0
61=	Jordan	47.0
61=	Malaysia	47.0
	Africa Avg	32.31
	World Avg	42.98
q=180. Also scored for 1990s-2010s.

Creativity & Culture Lower is better40
Pos.		2017 Rank40
1	Belgium	1
2	Netherlands	2
3	Estonia	3
	...
24	St Lucia	24
25	Canada	25
26	Italy	26
27	Mauritius	27
28	Malta	28
29	Singapore	29
30	Spain	30
31	Romania	31
	Africa Avg	117.8
	World Avg	82.0
q=163.

Happiness Higher is better69
Pos.		2024 Score69
1	Finland	7.7
2	Denmark	7.5
3	Iceland	7.5
	...
75	Kyrgyzstan	5.9
76	Dominican Rep.	5.8
77	Mongolia	5.8
78	Mauritius	5.8
79	Libya	5.8
80	Moldova	5.8
81	Greece	5.8
82	Venezuela	5.7
	Africa Avg	4.42
	World Avg	5.58
q=147. Also scored for 2010s.

Open Trading, Aid & Development Lower is better40
Pos.		2017 Rank40
1	Ireland	1
2	Denmark	2
3	Sweden	3
	...
22	Moldova	22
23	Hungary	23
24	Jordan	24
25	Mauritius	25
26	Zimbabwe	26
27	Canada	27
28	Trinidad & Tobago	28
29	Timor-Leste (E. Timor)	29
	Africa Avg	96.7
	World Avg	82.0
q=163.

Passport Reach (2020s) Higher is better70
Pos.		Passport Reach (2020s) Q70
1	Singapore	192.2
2	Japan	192.0
3	S. Korea	190.7
	...
58	Antigua & Barbuda	151.3
59	Trinidad & Tobago	150.3
60	Costa Rica	150.0
61	Mauritius	147.8
62	St Lucia	146.5
63	Grenada	145.5
64	Panama	144.2
65	Macau	144.0
	Africa Avg	62.9
	World Avg	108.8
q=195. Also scored for 2000s-2020s.

Personal Financial Stability in the 2020s Higher is better71
Pos.		Personal Financial Stability in the 2020s Score71
1	Denmark	9.06
2	Switzerland	9.00
3	Finland	8.96
	...
34	UAE	7.79
35	Latvia	7.76
36	Cape Verde	7.76
37	Mauritius	7.76
38	Chile	7.75
39	Romania	7.72
40	Slovakia	7.68
41	Greece	7.62
	Africa Avg	5.48
	World Avg	6.46
q=165.

World Giving Index Higher is better72
Pos.		2022 %72
1	Indonesia	68.0
2	Kenya	61.0
3	USA	59.0
	...
81=	Croatia	37.0
81=	Moldova	37.0
81=	Israel	37.0
81=	Mauritius	37.0
81=	Lithuania	37.0
86=	Panama	36.0
86=	El Salvador	36.0
86=	Saudi Arabia	36.0
	Africa Avg	38.2
	World Avg	39.6
q=125. Also scored for 2010s.

8.2. Peace Versus Instability Datasets

#human_development #peace #politics

Global Peace Index Lower is better73
Pos.		2023 Score73
1	Iceland	1.12
2	Denmark	1.31
3	Ireland	1.31
	...
20	Belgium	1.52
21	Qatar	1.52
22	Australia	1.53
23	Mauritius	1.55
24	Norway	1.55
25	Estonia	1.56
26	Slovakia	1.58
27	Latvia	1.58
	Africa Avg	2.29
	World Avg	2.07
q=163. Also scored for 2010s.

Peacekeeping & Security Lower is better40
Pos.		2017 Rank40
1	Samoa	1
2	S. Africa	2
3	Tunisia	3
	...
53	France	53
54	Australia	54
55	Italy	55
56	Mauritius	56
57	Zambia	57
58	Romania	58
59	Vietnam	59
60	Malawi	60
	Africa Avg	83.6
	World Avg	82.0
q=163.

Refugees & UN Treaties Lower is better40
Pos.		2017 Rank40
1	Austria	1
2	Germany	2
3	Netherlands	3
	...
31	Greece	31
32	Bulgaria	32
33	S. Korea	33
34	Mauritius	34
35	Bosnia & Herzegovina	35
36	Romania	36
37	Uruguay	37
38	Liberia	38
	Africa Avg	104.5
	World Avg	82.0
q=163.

8.3. Economic Inequality and Poverty Datasets

#capitalism #economics #health #inequality #life_expectancy #social_development

Inequality in Life Expectancy Lower is better74
Pos.		201974
1	Iceland	2.40
2=	Singapore	2.50
2=	Hong Kong	2.50
	...
73=	Turkey	9.00
74	Libya	9.10
75	Iran	9.20
76	Mauritius	9.40
77=	Seychelles	9.60
77=	Moldova	9.60
79=	Jamaica	10.00
79=	Samoa	10.00
	Africa Avg	26.10
	World Avg	14.59
q=184.

Income Inequality (Gini Coefficient) Lower is better75
Pos.		2023 %75
1	Slovakia	24.1%76
2	Slovenia	24.3%76
3	Belarus	24.4%77
	...
95	Senegal	36.2%76
96=	Lithuania	36.7%76
96=	Yemen	36.7%78
98	Mauritius	36.8%79
99	Dominican Rep.	37.0%80
100	Solomon Islands	37.1%81
101=	Chad	37.4%80
101=	Burkina Faso	37.4%76
	Africa Avg	40.7%
	World Avg	36.5%
q=167. Also scored for 1980s-2010s.

Income inequality data is rarely available for Mauritius - only for 3 years between 1980 and 2019.

9. Religion and Beliefs

#buddhism #christianity #hinduism #islam #judaism

Pew Forum polling over the decades has found the following adherency rates:₈₂:

	2010	2020
Hindu	48.5%	48.3%
Christian	32.8%	32.9%
Muslim	17.4%	17.5%
Unaffiliated	0.733%	0.753%
Buddhist	0.398%	0.395%
Other	0.191%	0.19%
Jewish	<0.1%	<0.1%

The CIA World Factbook has slightly different data, and states: Hindu 48%, Roman Catholic 23.6%, Muslim 16.6%, other Christian 8.6%, other 2.5%, unspecified 0.3%, none 0.4% (2000 census)₈₃.

Links:

• A List of All Religions and Belief Systems

10. The Status of Mauritius as a Tax Haven ₄₉

#africa #bahamas #bermuda #bob_geldoff #british_virgin_islands #cayman_islands #civilisation #crime #democracy #economics #globalism #governance #indonesia #inequality #internationalism #ireland #malta #mauritius #multinationals #netherlands #panama #tax #tax_evasion #tax_havens #USA

Over 200,000 leaked documents from the offshore law firm Conyers Dill & Pearman show how companies structure investments through Mauritius to drastically reduce or completely avoid paying taxes in countries where they actually operate.₈₄

Mauritius built a sophisticated legal and treaty system to create favorable tax treaties with 46 countries, almost all very poor ones, that allows corporate profits to be routed through Mauritius at very low tax rates. Major global firms, including KPMG, helped in this endeavour. The result is deprivation of tax to the poor government of many developing nations, especially in Africa.₈₄

USA corporations such as Aircastle and Pegasus Capital Advisers use Mauritius as a Tax Haven, harming their own country and the places they operate₈₄. A batch of telecommunications companies do it; Vodafone₈₅, and African heavyweight corporations MTN Group₈₆ and Airtel (Bharti Airtel, also strong in Asia)₈₇. Aside from immoral corporations, wealthy individuals also use Mauritius to avoid paying tax. Bob Geldoff's private equity firm ('8 Miles') is one example - the sheer hypocrisy adding to his disgrace after he campaigned so publically for African interests, but now acts to undermine local funding for infrastructure by siphoning off tax across Africa.₈₄

“Civilisation relies upon taxation. Workforces are educated, nations are defended. The rule of law, which makes business possible, is secured through state apparatus. The roads on which logistics rely, the national infrastructure that supports electricity and food suppliers, the judicial system: it is all funded through tax. But not all people pay fair. Billionaires manage to pay just 0% to 0.5% of their wealth in tax, significantly less than all others₈₈. The United Nations say that 46% of the world's wealth is owned by the richest 1% of the population₈₉, and economists think somewhere between 10% and 50% of it all is held in tax havens_90,91, forcing the poor to pay a much higher proportion and causing true damage to democracies and developing countries alike, generating grievances and resentment₉₂.₉₃

Large multinationals excel at tax evasion by exploiting holes between tax jurisdictions₉₁, by making their accounting artificially complicated₉₄, and by hiding profits in low-tax countries (at a rate of $1 trillion per year)₉₅. Some of the most well-known corporate tax evaders include the tech giants Amazon, Apple, Facebook, Google, Microsoft and Netflix_94,96; Nike₉₀, and, the fashion and textile industry as a whole has produced a long and terrible legacy of using modern-day slave-labour₉₇ in low-tax special economic zones in places like Indonesia₉₈.₉₉

Tax havens can be found in Panama_90,100, the Netherlands_90,101, Malta₉₀, the Cayman Islands_90,100, Guernsey_100,102, Jersey_100,102, the British Virgin Islands_90,102, the USA's states of Delaware, Wyoming, Nevada and South Dakota plus Puerto Rico₁₀₀; the Isle of Man₁₀₀, Mauritius₉₀, Bermuda_90,100, the Bahamas₁₀₀, Ireland₁₀₃, Luxembourg₁₀₀, Macao₁₀₀, Singapore₁₀₀ and Switzerland₁₀₀. They support the same financial schemes that also allow organized criminals, drug lords, violent gangs and terrorist groups to launder money.

The complexity of taxes, and the international flows of money, mean that it has moved beyond the ability of any government to fix the problem of tax evasion on its own_{104,105,106,91}. Co-operation is the only possible way to collect tax from the reluctant wealthy, selfish corporations, and antisocial criminal gangs. Since the late 2010s, a multinational scheme saw banks in over 140 places begin to share banking information to catch tax cheats and "offshore tax evasion has declined by a factor of about three in less than 10 years"₁₀₇ but still, the rich and powerful manage to pay less than struggling citizens₁₀₇”

"Tax Evasion" by Vexen Crabtree (2021)