Mozambique (Republic of Mozambique)

Mozambique Republic of Mozambique
Status	Independent State
Social and Moral Index	186th best
Capital	Maputo
Land Area	786 380km21
Location	Africa
Population	29.5m2
Life Expectancy	59.32yrs (2017)3
GNI	$1 198 (2017)4
ISO3166-1 Codes	MZ, MOZ, 5085
Internet Domain	.mz6
Currency	Meticail (MZM)7
Telephone	+2588

1. Overview
2. Mozambique National and Social Development
3. Mozambique's Demographics and Migration
4. Human Rights, Equality & Tolerance
5. Mozambique's Health
   1. Health Datasets
   2. Children's Health Datasets
6. Mozambique's Responsibility Towards The Environment
7. Mozambique's Modernity and Learning
   1. Modernity Datasets
   2. Education Datasets
   3. Technology and Information Datasets
8. Mozambique's Culture, Peace and Inequality
   1. National Culture Datasets
   2. Peace Versus Instability Datasets
   3. Economic Inequality and Poverty Datasets
9. Religion and Beliefs
10. Links

---

1. Overview

#india #portugal

“Almost five centuries as a Portuguese colony came to a close with independence in 1975. Large-scale emigration, economic dependence on South Africa, a severe drought, and a prolonged civil war hindered the country's development until the mid 1990s. The ruling Front for the Liberation of Mozambique (Frelimo) party formally abandoned Marxism in 1989, and a new constitution the following year provided for multiparty elections and a free market economy. A UN-negotiated peace agreement between Frelimo and rebel Mozambique National Resistance (Renamo) forces ended the fighting in 1992. In December 2004, Mozambique underwent a delicate transition as Joaquim CHISSANO stepped down after 18 years in office. His elected successor, Armando Emilio GUEBUZA, promised to continue the sound economic policies that have encouraged foreign investment. President GUEBUZA was reelected to a second term in October 2009. However, the elections were flawed by voter fraud, questionable disqualification of candidates, and Frelimo use of government resources during the campaign. As a result, Freedom House removed Mozambique from its list of electoral democracies.”

CIA's The World Factbook (2013)₉

“A mix of Swahili, Indian, Portuguese and African influences, overlooked Mozambique is diverse in its cultural palette and natural attractions. Mozambique´s star is on the rise. After two decades of peace, the economy is growing. Glitzy high-rises and lively street cafes compete for attention with remote island archipelagos and a steadily increasing population of wild animals. A new bridge over the Zambezi River links north and south for the first time. Yet, despite the development, centuries-old rhythms still dominate and the country moves to its own beat.Yet this enigmatic southeast African country embraced by the Indian Ocean is well off most travellers´ maps. Still, it has much to offer those who venture here. Canny travellers are venturing in to discover long, dune-fringed beaches, turquoise waters glittering with shoals of colourful fish, well-preserved corals, remote archipelagos in the north, pounding surf in the south.

Discovering these attractions is not always easy, but it is unfailingly rewarding. Bring along some patience, some endurance for long bus rides, a sense of adventure, and jump in for the journey of a lifetime.”

"The World" by Lonely Planet (2014)₁₀

2. Mozambique National and Social Development

#economics #human_development #wealth

UN HDI (2021)11
Pos.		Higher is better Value11
1	Switzerland	0.962
2	Norway	0.961
3	Iceland	0.959
	...
182	Guinea	0.465
183	Yemen	0.455
184	Burkina Faso	0.449
185	Mozambique	0.446
186	Mali	0.428
187	Burundi	0.426
188	Central African Rep.	0.404
189	Niger	0.400
	Africa Avg	0.56
	World Avg	0.72
q=191.

Gross National Income Per-Capita (2021)11
Pos.		Higher is better PPP $11
1	Liechtenstein	$146 830
2	Singapore	$90 919
3	Qatar	$87 134
	...
185	Yemen	$1 314
186	Liberia	$1 289
187	Niger	$1 240
188	Mozambique	$1 198
189	Congo, DR	$1 076
190	Somalia	$1 018
191	Central African Rep.	$0 966
192	S. Sudan	$0 768
	Africa Avg	$5 339
	World Avg	$20 136
q=193.

Social & Moral Development Index12
Pos.		Lower is better Avg Rank12
1	Denmark	28.1
2	Norway	29.9
3	Sweden	31.0
	...
183	Guinea	123.7
184	Comoros	124.4
185	Mauritania	124.8
186	Mozambique	125.4
187	Myanmar	126.1
188	Liberia	127.4
189	Central African Rep.	128.3
190	Chad	130.6
	Africa Avg	115.3
	World Avg	89.4
q=200.

The United Nations produces an annual Human Development Report which includes the Human Development Index. The factors taken into account include life expectancy, education and schooling and Gross National Income (GNI) amongst many others..

The Social and Moral Development Index concentrates on moral issues and human rights, violence, public health, equality, tolerance, freedom and effectiveness in climate change mitigation and environmentalism, and on some technological issues. A country scores higher for achieving well in those areas, and for sustaining that achievement in the long term. Those countries towards the top of this index can truly said to be setting good examples and leading humankind onwards into a bright, humane, and free future. See: Which are the Best Countries in the World? The Social and Moral Development Index.

3. Mozambique's Demographics and Migration

#birth_control #demographics #fertility #health #immigration #life_expectancy #longevity #migration #overpopulation #population #yemen

Population Datasets:

Mozambique's population is predicted to rise to 35.91 million by 2030. These millions of extra people will all need space to live, food to eat, energy to consume, and will increase the burden on the planet's resources. This country has a fertility rate of 4.56. The fertility rate is, in simple terms, the average amount of children that each woman has. The higher the figure, the quicker the population will grow, although, to calculate the rate you also need to take into account morbidity - the rate at which people die. If people live healthy and long lives and morbidity is low, then, 2.0 approximates to the replacement rate (two new children for each set of parents who die), which would keep the population stable. If all countries had such a fertility rate, population growth would end. The actual replacement rate in most developed countries is around 2.1, once you take mortality into account₁₃. The highest fertility rate ever detected in a single year was in Yemen in 1985, at 8.86.₁₄

Population2
Pos.		2018 Population2
1	China	1.4b
2	India	1.4b
3	USA	327.1m
	...
44	Malaysia	31.5m
45	Angola	30.8m
46	Ghana	29.8m
47	Mozambique	29.5m
48	Venezuela	28.9m
49	Yemen	28.5m
50	Nepal	28.1m
51	Madagascar	26.3m
	World Avg	39.0m
q=195.

Life Expectancy Higher is better11
Pos.		2021 Years11
1	Monaco	85.9
2	Hong Kong	85.5
3	Japan	84.8
	...
178	Sierra Leone	60.1
179	Benin	59.8
180	Guinea-Bissau	59.7
181	Mozambique	59.3
182	Burkina Faso	59.3
183	Namibia	59.3
184	Zimbabwe	59.3
185	Congo, DR	59.2
	World Avg	71.28
q=195. Also scored for 1990s-2010s.

Fertility Rate 2.0 is best15
Pos.		202215
1	US Virgin Islands	2.00
2	Ecuador	2.00
3	Nepal	2.01
	...
192	Sudan	4.38
193	Uganda	4.47
194	Afghanistan	4.52
195	Mozambique	4.56
196	Gambia	4.59
197	Tanzania	4.66
198	Burkina Faso	4.67
199	Benin	4.90
	World Avg	2.47
q=208. Also scored for 1960s-2010s.

Old-Age Dependency Ratio Lower is better16
Pos.		2016 Per 10016
1	Uganda	04.3
2	Mali	04.5
3=	Chad	04.7
	...
32=	Tanzania	06.2
32=	Sao Tome & Principe	06.2
34	Comoros	06.3
35=	Mozambique	06.4
35=	Madagascar	06.4
35=	Papua New Guinea	06.4
38=	Ghana	06.5
38=	Palestine	06.5
	World Avg	18.3
q=185.

• The Population of the Earth
• Abortion, Birth Control and Contraception

Migration Datasets:

Immigrants17
Pos.		2017 %17
1	UAE	88.4%
2	Kuwait	75.5%
3	Qatar	65.2%
	...
159	Zambia	0.9%
160	Bangladesh	0.9%
161	Tanzania	0.9%
162	Mozambique	0.8%
163	Jamaica	0.8%
164	El Salvador	0.7%
165	Laos	0.7%
166	Nicaragua	0.7%
	World Avg	9.4%
q=195.

Emigrants18
Pos.		2010 %18
1	Dominica	104.8%
2	Palestine	68.4%
3	Samoa	67.3%
	...
108	Malaysia	5.3%
109	Guinea	5.2%
110	Turkmenistan	5.0%
111	Mozambique	5.0%
112	Senegal	5.0%
113	Iraq	4.9%
114	Denmark	4.7%
115	Yemen	4.7%
	World Avg	11.5%
q=192.

4. Human Rights, Equality & Tolerance

#equality #freedom #freethought #gender_equality #human_rights #morals #mozambique #mozambique_freethought #politics #prejudice #religious_tolerance #tolerance

Human Rights, Equality & Tolerance (2025)19
Pos.		Lower is better Avg Rank19
1	Sweden	7.8
2	Netherlands	8.7
3	Denmark	8.8
	...
119	Gabon	103.1
120	Vietnam	103.4
121	India	104.4
122	Mozambique	104.8
123	Russia	104.9
124	Tunisia	105.6
	Africa Avg	116.66
	World Avg	89.80
q=199.

Mozambique does relatively well in ensuring human rights and freedom, compared to many other countries. Mozambique comes in the best 20 in freethought₂₀. It does better than average for combatting modern slavery₂₁ and in commentary in Human Rights Watch reports₂₂. But that's it. Mozambique has problems. It does worse than average in supporting press freedom₂₃, its nominal commitment to Human Rights₂₄, supporting personal, civil & economic freedoms₂₅ (still good for Africa), LGBT equality in the 2020s₂₆, opposing gender inequality₂₇ (still good for Africa) and in its average Freedom in the World rating (still good for Africa). Government and rebel (now reformed into a political party, RENAMO) both continued to commit violent abuses with impunity and major crimes and murders are often not investigated at all₂₈. Progress is always going to be difficult in a country where the richest 10% hold 46% of the country's entire income₂₉.

For tables, charts and commentary, see:

• Human Rights and Freedom in Mozambique

5. Mozambique's Health

#health

Compared to Africa (2025)30
Pos.		Lower is better Avg Rank30
1	Mauritius	72.2
2	Tunisia	73.9
3	Seychelles	78.0
	...
46	Mali	144.8
47	Nigeria	146.7
48	Guinea	147.6
49	Mozambique	148.0
50	Central African Rep.	151.5
51	Equatorial Guinea	153.5
52	S. Sudan	156.7
53	Somalia	161.3
54	Angola	162.6
	Africa Avg	127.77
q=54.

Health (2025)30
Pos.		Lower is better Avg Rank30
1	Monaco	10.3
2	Liechtenstein	30.1
3	Japan	40.8
	...
198	Mali	144.8
199	Nigeria	146.7
200	Guinea	147.6
201	Mozambique	148.0
202	Afghanistan	149.5
203	Central African Rep.	151.5
204	Equatorial Guinea	153.5
205	S. Sudan	156.7
	World Avg	97.39
q=207.

The countries with the best overall approach to public health, in terms of both public policy and individual lifestyle choices, are Monaco, Liechtenstein and Japan₃₁. These countries are worth emulating. And, although often through no fault of the average citizen, the worst countries are Angola, Somalia and S. Sudan₃₁.

42 datasets are used to calculate points for each country, including multiple decades of data on its average life expectancy, its alcohol consumption rate, its fertility rate, its smoking rate, its suicide rate, its food aid and health contributions and WHO compliance, the prevalence of overweight adults, obesity rate, its adolescent birth rate, delivery rate of infant DTP immunizations, delivery rate of 7x Infant Immunizations 2011-2015 and childhood mortality. The regions with the best average results per country are Scandinavia, Europe and The Mediterranean₃₁, whereas the worst are Micronesia, Africa and Melanesia₃₁.

For more, see:

• "Countries With the Healthiest Cultures and Health Policies" by Vexen Crabtree (2025).

5.1. Health Datasets

#2010s #alcohol #birth_control #demographics #health #life_expectancy #longevity #mental_health #mozambique #obesity #overpopulation #suicide

Mozambique is a pretty unhealthy country. Mozambique does better than average in the prevalence of overweight adults₃₂ and in its alcohol consumption rate₃₃. But that's it. Mozambique has problems. It does worse than average for its suicide rate₃₄, delivery rate of 7x Infant Immunizations 2011-2015₃₅ and in delivery rate of infant DTP immunizations in the 2020s₃₆. It sits amongst the bottom 20 in its food aid and health contributions and WHO compliance₃₇, childhood mortality in the 2020s₃₈, its average life expectancy₁₁ and in its fertility rate₁₅. And finally, it is second-from-the-bottom in its adolescent birth rate₃₉. The prevalence of overweight adults has increased by 14% during the last 40 years. Life expectancy in Mozambique in 1990 was the seventh lowest in the world, at 44.5yrs. But it improved by +16.7yrs in the 30 years from then, over double the global average improvement of +7.9yrs. Mozambique's peak fertility rate was 6.74 in 1972.

Life Expectancy Higher is better11
Pos.		2021 Years11
1	Monaco	85.9
2	Hong Kong	85.5
3	Japan	84.8
	...
178	Sierra Leone	60.1
179	Benin	59.8
180	Guinea-Bissau	59.7
181	Mozambique	59.3
182	Burkina Faso	59.3
183	Namibia	59.3
184	Zimbabwe	59.3
185	Congo, DR	59.2
	Africa Avg	62.79
	World Avg	71.28
q=195. Also scored for 1990s-2010s.

Alcohol Consumption Lower is better33
Pos.		2016 Per Capita33
1	Bangladesh	0.0
2	Kuwait	0.0
3	Libya	0.0
	...
44=	Singapore	2.0
44=	Turkey	2.0
46	Timor-Leste (E. Timor)	2.1
47	Mozambique	2.4
48=	Samoa	2.5
48=	Micronesia	2.5
48=	Guatemala	2.5
51	Congo, DR	2.6
	Africa Avg	4.8
	World Avg	6.2
q=189.

Fertility Rate 2.0 is best15
Pos.		202215
1	US Virgin Islands	2.00
2	Ecuador	2.00
3	Nepal	2.01
	...
192	Sudan	4.38
193	Uganda	4.47
194	Afghanistan	4.52
195	Mozambique	4.56
196	Gambia	4.59
197	Tanzania	4.66
198	Burkina Faso	4.67
199	Benin	4.90
	Africa Avg	3.97
	World Avg	2.47
q=208. Also scored for 1960s-2010s.

Suicide Rate in the 2010s Lower is better34
Pos.		Suicide Rate in the 2010s Per 100k34
1=	Jordan	1.00
1=	Sao Tome & Principe	1.00
1=	Antigua & Barbuda	1.00
	...
124	Bosnia & Herzegovina	10.51
125	Central African Rep.	10.52
126	Bulgaria	10.61
127	Mozambique	10.76
128	Thailand	10.92
129	Netherlands	11.19
130=	Romania	11.27
130=	Luxembourg	11.27
	Africa Avg	7.70
	World Avg	9.24
q=185. Also scored for 2000s-2010s.

Food Aid, Health Contributions & WHO Compliance Lower is better37
Pos.		2017 Rank37
1	Sweden	1
2	Ireland	2
3	Denmark	3
	...
150	Nigeria	150
151	St Lucia	151
152	Trinidad & Tobago	152
153	Mozambique	153
154	Cape Verde	154
155	Bahamas	155
156	Libya	156
157	Papua New Guinea	157
	Africa Avg	117.0
	World Avg	82.0
q=163.

Overweight Adults Lower is better32
Pos.		1976 %32
1	Bangladesh	4.7
2	Vietnam	5.1
3	Nepal	5.4
	...
20=	Madagascar	8.1
20=	Eritrea	8.1
22	Chad	8.2
23	Mozambique	8.3
24	Malawi	8.4
25=	Angola	8.5
25=	Pakistan	8.5
27	Kenya	8.8
	Africa Avg	13.4
	World Avg	27.1
q=191.

Adult Obesity Lower is better40
Pos.		2022 %40
1	Vietnam	2.1%
2	Timor-Leste (E. Timor)	2.2%
3	Ethiopia	2.4%
	...
27	Guinea	8.3%
28	Senegal	8.7%
29	Philippines	8.7%
30	Mozambique	8.8%
31	Zambia	9.4%
32	Benin	9.9%
33	Mali	10.0%
34	Guinea-Bissau	10.1%
	Africa Avg	13.7%
	World Avg	24.7%
q=199. Also scored for 1990s-2010s.

5.2. Children's Health Datasets

#children's_health #health #parenting #population #vaccines

Adolescent Birth Rate Lower is better39
Pos.		2022 Per 100039
1	Hong Kong	1.6
2	Denmark	1.8
3	S. Korea	2.1
	...
188	Tanzania	123.4
189	Chad	135.7
190	Angola	135.8
191	Equatorial Guinea	136.4
192	Mali	147.7
193	Central African Rep.	159.0
194	Mozambique	165.1
195	Niger	168.0
	Africa Avg	84.6
	World Avg	43.8
q=195. Also scored for 1990s-2010s.

Infant DTP Immunizations (2020s) Higher is better36
Pos.		Infant DTP Immunizations (2020s) Avg %36
1=	Luxembourg	99.0
1=	Oman	99.0
1=	Niue	99.0
	...
178	Libya	76.4
179	Guinea-Bissau	76.0
180	Cameroon	75.1
181	Mozambique	74.2
182	Lebanon	74.1
183	Sudan	73.7
184	Benin	73.5
185	Congo, DR	73.2
	Africa Avg	82.9
	World Avg	88.5
q=211. Also scored for 1980s-2020s.

7x Infant Immunizations (2011-2015) Higher is better35
Pos.		2015 Avg %35
1=	Hungary	99.0
1=	China	99.0
3	Uzbekistan	98.9
	...
150	Uganda	82.5
151	Comoros	81.8
152	Marshall Islands	81.8
153	Mozambique	81.4
154	Venezuela	80.6
155	Myanmar	80.3
156=	Benin	80.1
156=	Guinea-Bissau	80.1
	Africa Avg	81.7
	World Avg	88.3
q=194.

Infant Mortality (2020s) Lower is better38
Pos.		Infant Mortality (2020s) Per 100038
1	San Marino	2.11
2	Finland	2.59
3	Luxembourg	2.60
	...
174	Pakistan	76.85
175	Togo	77.13
176	Lesotho	77.29
177	Mozambique	78.97
178	Ivory Coast	88.44
179	Cameroon	92.19
180	Liberia	92.51
181	Angola	93.23
	Africa Avg	71.63
	World Avg	32.19
q=195. Also scored for 1960s-2020s.

Mozambique was amongst 49 countries in the 1990s who had an adolescent birth rate of over 100 (per 1000 girls aged 15-19); things got slightly worse in the 2000s, and worse still in the 2010s, whereupon it had the 2nd-highest rate in the world, perpetuating and generating terrible health and social problems.

6. Mozambique's Responsibility Towards The Environment

#biodiversity #climate_change #deforestation #environmentalism #food #internationalism #meat #mozambique #over-exploitation #sierra_leone #the_environment #veganism #vegetarianism

Compared to Africa (2025)41
Pos.		Lower is better Avg Rank41
1	Morocco	46.5
2	Burundi	47.8
3	Mali	51.0
	...
40	Equatorial Guinea	91.2
41	S. Africa	92.2
42	Sao Tome & Principe	92.7
43	Mozambique	93.9
44	Liberia	94.2
45	Sudan	97.8
46	Comoros	99.1
47	Mauritania	101.2
48	Seychelles	103.4
	Africa Avg	78.58
q=53.

Responsibility Towards The Environment (2025)41
Pos.		Lower is better Avg Rank41
1	Sri Lanka	34.9
2	Uruguay	43.2
3	Switzerland	45.0
	...
131	Sao Tome & Principe	92.7
132	Palestine	92.7
133	Vanuatu	93.0
134	Mozambique	93.9
135	Qatar	94.1
136	Liberia	94.2
137	Trinidad & Tobago	94.5
138	Ukraine	94.8
	World Avg	84.93
q=199.

We have known for a long term that we must protect the environment from habitation destruction, over-exploitation, pollution, and the emissions that cause climate change. In 1998, Greenpeace wrote that "Environment can no longer be meaningfully separated from health, quality of life, democracy, education, economy or trade"₄₂. What countries have been doing the right thing, via legislation and national culture? All countries' current and historical approach towards the environment is gauged via 21 datasets, including multiple decades of data on its forested percent change 2000-2020, its environmental performance, energy to GDP efficiency, its sign-up rate to major international accords on protecting the environment, the rate of rational beliefs on the environment in the population, reducing annual meat consumption per person and its score on the Green Future Index.

The countries that do the best (Sri Lanka, Uruguay and Switzerland) tend to have avoided the excesses of early industrial countries, and have not yet repeated the same mistakes of environmental destruction - at least, not on the same scale. The regions with the best average results per country are Central America, South America and Scandinavia. The worst are Eritrea, The Vatican City and Timor-Leste (E. Timor), and the worst regions Micronesia, Australasia and Melanesia.

For more, see:

• "Countries With the Best Environmental Records" by Vexen Crabtree (2025).

Mozambique ranks 134th in the world regarding its responsibility towards the environment. This is computed using 21 data sets. Mozambique comes in the best 20 when it comes to reducing annual meat consumption per person₄₃. It does better than average for the rate of rational beliefs on the environment in the population₄₄. But that's it. Mozambique has problems. It does worse than average in its sign-up rate to major international accords on protecting the environment, its environmental performance₄₅ and in its forested percent change 2000-2020₄₆. And finally, it falls into the worst-performing 20 when it comes to energy to GDP efficiency₄₇ (the highest in Africa).

Environmental Performance Higher is better45
Pos.		201845
1	Switzerland	87.4
2	France	84.0
3	Denmark	81.6
	...
132	Vietnam	47.0
133	Indonesia	46.9
134	Guinea	46.6
135	Mozambique	46.4
136	Uzbekistan	45.9
137	Chad	45.3
138	Myanmar	45.3
139	Ivory Coast	45.3
	Africa Avg	46.4
	World Avg	56.4
q=180.

Energy to GDP Efficiency Lower is better47
Pos.		2022 Avg47
1	Rwanda	0.25
2	Chad	0.26
3	Tanzania	0.31
	...
155	Oman	2.28
156	Canada	2.29
157	Malta	2.36
158	Mozambique	2.38
159	N. Korea	2.46
160	Laos	2.75
161	Iceland	4.01
162	Venezuela	4.18
	Africa Avg	0.83
	World Avg	1.23
q=165. Also scored for 1960s-2010s.

International Accords on the Environment Higher is better
Pos.		International Accords on the Environment Avg Rate
1	Sweden	83%
2	Canada	82%
3	Norway	81%
	...
102	Bulgaria	57%
103	Honduras	57%
104	Poland	57%
105	Mozambique	57%
106	Romania	57%
107	Slovakia	57%
108	St Lucia	56%
109	Slovenia	56%
	Africa Avg	56.4%
	World Avg	57.5%
q=197. Also scored for 1970s-2020s.

Rational Beliefs on the Environment Higher is better44
Pos.		2011 %44
1	Argentina	78.3%
2	Greece	77.6%
3	Brazil	77.1%
	...
46	Turkey	47.4%
47	Sudan	46.9%
48	Malaysia	46.6%
49	Mozambique	46.5%
50	Laos	45.3%
51	Slovenia	45.1%
52	Spain	44.8%
53	Tanzania	44.2%
	Africa Avg	38.3%
	World Avg	39.9%
q=145.

Meat Consumption Lower is better43
Pos.		2021 kg43
1	Congo, DR	03.0
2	Burundi	03.5
3	Bangladesh	04.3
	...
12	Uganda	09.4
13	Togo	09.4
14	Kenya	10.3
15	Mozambique	10.4
16	Sierra Leone	11.7
17	Sri Lanka	12.0
18	Tanzania	12.1
19	Ivory Coast	12.6
	Africa Avg	24.9
	World Avg	52.5
q=185. Also scored for 2010s.

In the 2010s, Sierra Leone had the 8th-lowest meat consumption per person in the world.₄₃

7. Mozambique's Modernity and Learning

#education #modernity #technology #the_internet

Compared to Africa (2025)48
Pos.		Lower is better Avg Rank48
1	S. Africa	63.3
2	Seychelles	63.4
3	Tunisia	68.7
	...
43	Gambia	145.5
44	Sudan	145.6
45	Congo, DR	147.0
46	Mozambique	147.4
47	Mauritania	147.7
48	Burundi	152.1
49	Chad	157.5
50	Sierra Leone	159.4
51	Liberia	165.1
	Africa Avg	124.71
q=54.

Modernity & Learning (2025)48
Pos.		Lower is better Avg Rank48
1	Finland	6.1
2	Iceland	8.1
3	Denmark	8.8
	...
180	Sudan	145.6
181	Laos	146.1
182	Congo, DR	147.0
183	Mozambique	147.4
184	Puerto Rico	147.7
185	Mauritania	147.7
186	Solomon Islands	149.7
187	Burundi	152.1
	World Avg	84.96
q=197.

The most modern countries, with the best results from education, the highest levels of research, and with the easiest access to information on the Internet, are Finland, Iceland and Denmark₄₉. The worst countries are S. Sudan, Eritrea and Somalia₄₉. Despite improves in global education, access to tertiary (adult) education is becoming increasingly unequal between the rich haves and the poor have-nots₅₀.

“Education, at all levels and ages, is the single most vital support for equality as well as being a country's most vital economic and social resource. [...] Every successful aspirant to modernisation and economic development, from Japan to South Korea, China to Chile, has got there with a big emphasis on education.”

Bill Emmott (2017)₅₁

27 datasets are used to calculate points for each country, including multiple decades of data on Research and Development, Intellectual Endeavours, metric system adoption rate, Religiosity, IQ, Secondary Education, Length of Schooling, Maths, Science & Reading, the percent of citizens with access to the internet, Freedom On The Internet, IT Security, IPv6 Uptake and digital quality of life. The regions with the best average results per country are Scandinavia, Baltic States and Europe₄₉, whereas the worst are Melanesia, Africa and Micronesia₄₉.

For more, see:

• " Which Countries are Most Modern, With the Best Education and Internet Access?" by Vexen Crabtree (2025).

7.1. Modernity Datasets

#intelligence #metric #religion #religiosity #research #science #secularisation

Research & Development Higher is better
Pos.		2016 % RDP PPP
1	S. Korea	4.2952
2	Israel	4.1152
3	Japan	3.5852
	...
65=	Macedonia	0.4453
65=	Puerto Rico	0.4453
67	Jordan	0.4354
68	Mozambique	0.4255
69	Thailand	0.3956
70=	Tanzania	0.3855
70=	Romania	0.3852
70=	Montenegro	0.3853
	Africa Avg	0.36
	World Avg	0.84
q=126.

Intellectual Endeavours Lower is better37
Pos.		2017 Rank37
1	Ukraine	1
2	Czechia	2
3	Hungary	3
	...
144	Congo, (Brazzaville)	144
145	Qatar	145
146	Philippines	146
147	Mozambique	147
148	Lesotho	148
149	Venezuela	149
150	Libya	150
151	Gabon	151
	Africa Avg	106.4
	World Avg	82.0
q=163.

Metric System Adoption Rate Higher is better57
Pos.		2025 %57
1=	Slovakia	100
1=	Poland	100
1=	Portugal	100
	...
148=	Niger	90
148=	Nepal	90
148=	Namibia	90
148=	Mozambique	90
148=	Mongolia	90
148=	Saudi Arabia	90
148=	Antigua & Barbuda	90
148=	Trinidad & Tobago	90
	Africa Avg	90
	World Avg	92
q=187. Also scored for 1960s-2020s.

Officially adopted metric in 1905, as a Portuguese colony. Progression:

• 1960 (50%): Portuguese metric legacy; traditional units prevalent.
• 1970 (65%): Education/commerce expand metric.
• 1980 (80%): Metric dominant officially; informal legacy persists.
• 2000 (85%).
• 2025 (90%): High metric usage.

Religiosity Lower is better58
Pos.		2018 %58
1	China	3
2	Estonia	6
3	Czechia	7
	...
81=	Chad	86
81=	Niger	86
83=	Kenya	87
83=	Mozambique	87
85=	Congo, DR	88
85=	Nigeria	88
85=	Nicaragua	88
88=	Djibouti	89
	Africa Avg	87.0
	World Avg	54.3
q=106.

IQ Higher is better59
Pos.		200659
1=	Hong Kong	108
1=	Singapore	108
3	S. Korea	106
	...
131=	Zimbabwe	66
131=	Senegal	66
133=	Sierra Leone	64
133=	Mozambique	64
133=	Ethiopia	64
133=	Central African Rep.	64
133=	Congo, (Brazzaville)	64
133=	Cameroon	64
	Africa Avg	70.6
	World Avg	85.6
q=138.

7.2. Education Datasets

#education #mozambique

In the 2000s, Mozambique increased its expected duration of education by almost 4 years, the ninth-highest rise of any country in that decade.₆₀

Secondary Education Higher is better61
Pos.		201861
1=	Luxembourg	100.0%
1=	Estonia	100.0%
1=	Austria	100.0%
	...
152	Central African Rep.	22.1%
153	Malawi	21.8%
154	Cambodia	21.3%
155	Mozambique	19.3%
156	Mauritania	18.8%
157	Senegal	17.6%
158	Sudan	17.5%
159	Ethiopia	17.1%
	Africa Avg	34.4%
	World Avg	63.0%
q=169.

Length of Schooling Higher is better62
Pos.		2021 Years62
1	Australia	21.1
2	New Zealand	20.3
3	Greece	20.0
	...
162	Solomon Islands	10.3
163	Afghanistan	10.3
164	Marshall Islands	10.2
165	Mozambique	10.2
166	Uganda	10.1
167	Laos	10.1
168	Madagascar	10.1
169	Honduras	10.1
	Africa Avg	11.0
	World Avg	13.5
q=193. Also scored for 1990s-2010s.

7.3. Technology and Information Datasets

#modernity #technology #the_internet

Internet Users (2020s) Higher is better
Pos.		Internet Users (2020s)
1=	Iceland	99%
1=	Kuwait	99%
1=	UAE	99%
	...
175	Niger	20%
176	Sierra Leone	19%
177	Eritrea	18%
178	Mozambique	17%
179	Afghanistan	17%
180	Malawi	17%
181	Ethiopia	16%
182	Madagascar	16%
	Africa Avg	41.0%
	World Avg	67.8%
q=188. Also scored for 1990s-2020s.

Digital Quality of Life Higher is better63
Pos.		202463
1	Germany	77.9%
2	Finland	76.9%
3	France	73.9%
	...
114	Tajikistan	25.9%
115	Zimbabwe	24.9%
116	Mali	24.9%
117	Ethiopia	23.7%
118	Cameroon	23.4%
119	Mozambique	21.4%
120	Congo, DR	18.5%
121	Yemen	14.9%
	Africa Avg	32.3%
	World Avg	48.4%
q=121.

8. Mozambique's Culture, Peace and Inequality

#charitability #culture #equality #human_development #inequality #peace

Compared to Africa (2025)64
Pos.		Lower is better Avg Rank64
1	Mauritius	51.4
2	Seychelles	66.9
3	Tunisia	76.2
	...
35	Zimbabwe	115.1
36	Niger	115.6
37	Cameroon	116.5
38	Mozambique	119.2
39	Sudan	119.9
40	Mali	120.2
41	Djibouti	121.0
42	Libya	123.7
43	Congo, (Brazzaville)	123.9
	Africa Avg	110.07
q=54.

Culture, Peace & Inequality (2025)64
Pos.		Lower is better Avg Rank64
1	Denmark	11.6
2	Finland	13.4
3	Netherlands	13.6
	...
161	Niger	115.6
162	Cameroon	116.5
163	Papua New Guinea	116.6
164	Mozambique	119.2
165	Cambodia	119.5
166	Myanmar	119.8
167	Sudan	119.9
168	Mali	120.2
	World Avg	81.27
q=187.

This is the final pillar of the Social and Moral Development Index; it has 32 datasets, including multiple decades of data on World Giving Index, resisting corruption, overall happiness, Creativity and Culture, passport utility (so far), Open Trading, Aid and Development, its Global Peace Index rating, Peacekeeping and Security, Refugees and UN Treaties, the impact of terrorism, poverty (so far), life expectancy inequality, Income Inequality (Gini Coefficient) and Multidimensional Poverty.

For more, see:

• "Which are the Countries for International Contributions, Creativity, Peace and Inequality?" by Vexen Crabtree (2025).

8.1. National Culture Datasets

#charity #corruption #happiness #internationalism #morals #politics

World Giving Index Higher is better65
Pos.		2022 %65
1	Indonesia	68.0
2	Kenya	61.0
3	USA	59.0
	...
91=	Congo, (Brazzaville)	35.0
91=	Namibia	35.0
93=	Togo	34.0
93=	Mozambique	34.0
93=	Albania	34.0
93=	Montenegro	34.0
93=	Kazakhstan	34.0
93=	Gabon	34.0
	Africa Avg	38.2
	World Avg	39.6
q=125. Also scored for 2010s.

Corruption Higher is better66
Pos.		2022 Points66
1	Denmark	90.0
2=	Finland	87.0
2=	New Zealand	87.0
	...
140=	Pakistan	27.0
140=	Kyrgyzstan	27.0
142=	Liberia	26.0
142=	Mozambique	26.0
142=	Madagascar	26.0
142=	Cameroon	26.0
142=	Uganda	26.0
147=	Guinea	25.0
	Africa Avg	32.31
	World Avg	42.98
q=180. Also scored for 1990s-2010s.

Happiness Higher is better67
Pos.		2024 Score67
1	Finland	7.7
2	Denmark	7.5
3	Iceland	7.5
	...
93	Laos	5.3
94	Turkey	5.3
95	S. Africa	5.2
96	Mozambique	5.2
97	Gabon	5.1
98	Ivory Coast	5.1
99	Iran	5.1
100	Congo, (Brazzaville)	5.0
	Africa Avg	4.42
	World Avg	5.58
q=147. Also scored for 2010s.

Creativity & Culture Lower is better37
Pos.		2017 Rank37
1	Belgium	1
2	Netherlands	2
3	Estonia	3
	...
124	Burkina Faso	124
125	Dominican Rep.	125
126	Oman	126
127	Mozambique	127
128	Niger	128
129	Sierra Leone	129
130	Bangladesh	130
131	Kazakhstan	131
	Africa Avg	117.8
	World Avg	82.0
q=163.

Passport Reach (2020s) Higher is better68
Pos.		Passport Reach (2020s) Q68
1	Singapore	192.2
2	Japan	192.0
3	S. Korea	190.7
	...
136=	Cuba	63.3
137=	Benin	62.5
137=	Mongolia	62.5
139	Mozambique	62.3
140	Rwanda	62.2
141	Sao Tome & Principe	60.5
142	Uzbekistan	59.0
143=	Burkina Faso	58.8
	Africa Avg	62.9
	World Avg	108.8
q=195. Also scored for 2000s-2020s.

Open Trading, Aid & Development Lower is better37
Pos.		2017 Rank37
1	Ireland	1
2	Denmark	2
3	Sweden	3
	...
90	Botswana	90
91	Guinea-Bissau	91
92	Burundi	92
93	Mozambique	93
94	Guinea	94
95	Ivory Coast	95
96	Peru	96
97	Libya	97
	Africa Avg	96.7
	World Avg	82.0
q=163.

8.2. Peace Versus Instability Datasets

#extremism #human_development #peace #politics #religious_violence #terrorism

Global Peace Index Lower is better69
Pos.		2023 Score69
1	Iceland	1.12
2	Denmark	1.31
3	Ireland	1.31
	...
115	Philippines	2.23
116	Belarus	2.25
117	Kenya	2.25
118	Mozambique	2.26
119	Saudi Arabia	2.26
120	Honduras	2.27
121	Egypt	2.27
122	El Salvador	2.28
	Africa Avg	2.29
	World Avg	2.07
q=163. Also scored for 2010s.

Peacekeeping & Security Lower is better37
Pos.		2017 Rank37
1	Samoa	1
2	S. Africa	2
3	Tunisia	3
	...
103	Antigua & Barbuda	103
104	Latvia	104
105	Laos	105
106	Mozambique	106
107	Poland	107
108	Ukraine	108
109	Belgium	109
110	Panama	110
	Africa Avg	83.6
	World Avg	82.0
q=163.

Refugees & UN Treaties Lower is better37
Pos.		2017 Rank37
1	Austria	1
2	Germany	2
3	Netherlands	3
	...
62	Indonesia	62
63	Uganda	63
64	Moldova	64
65	Mozambique	65
66=	Burkina Faso	66
66=	Kyrgyzstan	66
68	Iran	68
69	Malawi	69
	Africa Avg	104.5
	World Avg	82.0
q=163.

Impact of Terrorism Lower is better70
Pos.		2019 Score70
1	Togo	0.00
2	Mongolia	0.00
3	Swaziland	0.00
	...
123	UK	5.41
124	Burkina Faso	5.42
125	Myanmar	5.51
126	Mozambique	5.54
127	Ukraine	5.55
128	Niger	5.60
129	USA	5.69
130	Kenya	5.76
	Africa Avg	3.41
	World Avg	2.78
q=150.

8.3. Economic Inequality and Poverty Datasets

#capitalism #economics #health #inequality #life_expectancy #poverty #social_development

Poverty (2020s) Lower is better71
Pos.		Poverty (2020s) %71
1	Malaysia	0.01%
2	Bhutan	0.01%
3	Cyprus	0.02%
	...
99	Kenya	45.92%
100	Niger	60.49%
101	Madagascar	69.17%
102	Central African Rep.	71.62%
103	Zambia	71.66%
104	Burundi	74.20%
105	Mozambique	81.36%
106	Congo, DR	85.32%
	Africa Avg	41.51%
	World Avg	11.40%
q=106. Also scored for 1980s-2020s.

Inequality in Life Expectancy Lower is better72
Pos.		201972
1	Iceland	2.40
2=	Singapore	2.50
2=	Hong Kong	2.50
	...
159=	Burundi	28.50
160	Comoros	28.90
161=	Liberia	29.80
161=	Mozambique	29.80
163	Pakistan	29.90
164	Mauritania	30.00
165	Togo	30.50
166	Niger	30.90
	Africa Avg	26.10
	World Avg	14.59
q=184.

Income Inequality (Gini Coefficient) Lower is better73
Pos.		2023 %73
1	Slovakia	24.1%74
2	Slovenia	24.3%74
3	Belarus	24.4%75
	...
154	Guatemala	48.3%76
155=	Panama	48.9%77
155=	Congo, (Brazzaville)	48.9%78
157=	Mozambique	50.3%79
157=	Zimbabwe	50.3%79
159	Angola	51.3%80
160	Zambia	51.5%81
161	Brazil	52.0%81
	Africa Avg	40.7%
	World Avg	36.5%
q=167. Also scored for 1980s-2010s.

Income inequality data is rarely available for Mozambique - only for 5 years between 1980 and 2019.

Multidimensional Poverty Lower is better82
Pos.		2018 Severity82
1	Armenia	.001
2	Ukraine	.001
3	Serbia	.001
	...
90	Guinea-Bissau	.372
91	Congo, DR	.389
92	Burundi	.403
93	Mozambique	.411
94	Madagascar	.453
95	Mali	.457
96	Central African Rep.	.465
97	Ethiopia	.489
	Africa Avg	.264
	World Avg	.154
q=101.

9. Religion and Beliefs

#belief #buddhism #christianity #god #hinduism #islam #judaism #religion #religiosity #secularisation

Between 2010 and 2020, Mozambique saw the world's biggest increase in the percent of its population calling itself Christians (+5%); Islam also grew by +1.4%.

Religiosity (2018)58
Pos.		Lower is better %58
1	China	3
2	Estonia	6
3	Czechia	7
	...
81=	Chad	86
81=	Niger	86
83=	Kenya	87
83=	Mozambique	87
85=	Congo, DR	88
85=	Nigeria	88
85=	Nicaragua	88
88=	Djibouti	89
88=	Ghana	89
88=	Guatemala	89
91=	Honduras	90
91=	Cameroon	90
91=	Rwanda	90
91=	Liberia	90
95=	Morocco	91
95=	Guinea-Bissau	91
	World Avg	54.3
q=106.

Disbelief In God (2007)83
Pos.		Higher is better %83
1	Vietnam	81
2	Japan	65
3	Sweden	64
	...
49=	Italy	6
50=	Laos	5
50=	Ireland	5
50=	Mozambique	5
53=	Zimbabwe	4
53=	Namibia	4
53=	Iran	4
53=	Mexico	4
53=	Portugal	4
53=	Romania	4
53=	Argentina	4
53=	Georgia	4
53=	Uzbekistan	4
62=	Lebanon	3
62=	Congo, (Brazzaville)	3
62=	Poland	3
	World Avg	9.9
q=137.

Pew Forum polling over the decades has found the following adherency rates:₈₄:

	2010	2020
Christian	56.3%	61.3%
Muslim	18%	19.4%
Unaffiliated	18.9%	14.3%
Other	6.68%	4.91%
Hindu	<0.1%	<0.1%
Buddhist	<0.1%	<0.1%
Jewish	None	None

The CIA World Factbook has slightly different data, and states: Catholic 28.4%, Protestant 27.7% (Zionist Christian 15.5%, Evangelical Pentecostal 10.9%, Anglican 1.3%), Muslim 17.9%, other 7.2%, none 18.7% (1997 census)₈₅.

Links:

• A List of All Religions and Belief Systems
• Secularisation Theory: Will Modern Society Reject Religion? What is Secularism?