The Human Truth Foundation

Singapore (Republic of Singapore)

http://www.humantruth.info/singapore.html

By Vexen Crabtree 2013

#singapore

Singapore
Republic of Singapore
StatusIndependent State
Social and Moral Index29th best
CapitalSingapore
Land Area 700km21
LocationAsia
GroupingsSmall Islands
Population5.8m2
Life Expectancy82.75yrs (2017)3
GNI$90 919 (2017)4
ISO3166-1 CodesSG, SGP, 7025
Internet Domain.sg6
CurrencyDollar (SGD)7
Telephone+658

1. Overview

Singapore is a small city-state, dwarfed by its large neighbours.

Singapore was founded as a British trading colony in 1819. It joined the Malaysian Federation in 1963 but separated two years later and became independent. Singapore subsequently became one of the world's most prosperous countries with strong international trading links (its port is one of the world's busiest in terms of tonnage handled) and with per capita GDP equal to that of the leading nations of Western Europe.

CIA's The World Factbook (2013)9

Book CoverThis perennial stopover city is constantly reinventing itself as a destination in its own right, jostling for the position of top dog among Asia´s - even the world´s - best cities. One of Asia´s success stories, tiny little Singapore´s GDP consistently ranks it as one of the wealthiest countries in the world. Along with that wealth comes a rich culture borne of a multiracial population. Get lost in the mad swirl of skyscrapers in the central business district (CBD), be transfixed by the Bolly beats in the streets of ramshackle Little India, hike a dense patch of rainforest in Bukit Timah, or just give yourself up to the air-conditioned retail mayhem of Orchard Rd. There´s something for everyone here.

It´s affluent, high tech and occasionally a little snobbish, but Singapore´s great leveller is the hawker centre, the ubiquitous and raucous food markets where everyone mucks in together to indulge the local mania for cheap eating and drinking. In short, Singapore makes for a perfect pit stop to recover from the rough-and-tumble of the rest of Southeast Asia.

"The World" by Lonely Planet (2014)10

2. Singapore National and Social Development

#economics #human_development #wealth

UN HDI (2021)11
Pos.Higher is better
Value11
1Switzerland0.962
2Norway0.961
3Iceland0.959
4Hong Kong0.952
5Australia0.951
...
9Germany0.942
10Netherlands0.941
11Finland0.940
12Singapore0.939
13Belgium0.937
14New Zealand0.937
Asia Avg0.75
World Avg0.72
q=191.
Gross National Income Per-Capita (2021)11
Pos.Higher is better
PPP $11
1Liechtenstein$146 830
2Singapore$90 919
3Qatar$87 134
4Luxembourg$84 649
5Ireland$76 169
6Switzerland$66 933
7USA$64 765
8Norway$64 660
9Brunei$64 490
10Hong Kong$62 607
11UAE$62 574
12Denmark$60 365
Asia Avg$22 215
World Avg$20 136
q=193.
Social & Moral
Development Index
12,13
Pos.Lower is better
Avg Rank12,13
1Taiwan28.6
2Norway29.4
3Denmark31.2
4Sweden32.2
5Finland32.6
...
26Estonia50.4
27Portugal50.8
28Poland54.6
29Singapore54.7
30USA55.8
31Cyprus55.9
Asia Avg87.1
World Avg86.1
q=195.

The United Nations produces an annual Human Development Report which includes the Human Development Index. The factors taken into account include life expectancy, education and schooling and Gross National Income (GNI) amongst many others..

The Social and Moral Development Index concentrates on moral issues and human rights, violence, public health, equality, tolerance, freedom and effectiveness in climate change mitigation and environmentalism, and on some technological issues. A country scores higher for achieving well in those areas, and for sustaining that achievement in the long term. Those countries towards the top of this index can truly said to be setting good examples and leading humankind onwards into a bright, humane, and free future. See: Which are the Best Countries in the World? The Social and Moral Development Index.

3. Singapore's Demographics and Migration

#birth_control #demographics #health #immigration #life_expectancy #longevity #migration #overpopulation #population

Population:

Singapore's population is predicted to rise to 5.978 million by 2030. This rise is despite a low fertility rate, meaning, that this country is helping to alleviate problems with growing population in neighbouring countries by accepting immigrants, very likely as a requirement of maintaining an active workforce. This country has a fertility rate of 1.35. The fertility rate is, in simple terms, the average amount of children that each woman has. The higher the figure, the quicker the population is growing, although, to calculate the rate you also need to take into account morbidity, i.e., the rate at which people die. If people live healthy and long lives and morbidity is low, then, 2.0 approximates to the replacement rate, which would keep the population stable. If all countries had such a fertility rate, population growth would end. The actual replacement rate in most developed countries is around 2.1.

Population (2018)2
Pos.
Population2
1China1.4b
2India1.4b
3USA327.1m
4Indonesia267.7m
5Pakistan212.2m
...
110El Salvador6.4m
111Kyrgyzstan6.3m
112Turkmenistan5.9m
113Singapore5.8m
114Denmark5.8m
115Finland5.5m
World Avg39.0m
q=195.
Life Expectancy (2021)11
Pos.Higher is better
Years11
1Monaco85.9
2Hong Kong85.5
3Japan84.8
4Australia84.5
5Switzerland84.0
...
10Spain83.0
11Sweden83.0
12Italy82.9
13Singapore82.8
14Iceland82.7
15Canada82.7
World Avg71.28
q=195.
Fertility Rate (2013)14
Pos.2.0 is best14
1N. Korea2.00
2Brunei1.99
3St Vincent & Grenadines2.01
4France1.99
5Turkey2.04
...
107Kyrgyzstan2.64
108Austria1.35
109Egypt2.65
110Singapore1.35
111Saudi Arabia2.67
112Portugal1.31
World Avg2.81
q=180.
Old-Age Dependency Ratio (2016)15
Pos.Lower is better
Per 10015
1Uganda04.3
2Mali04.5
3Chad04.7
4Burkina Faso04.7
5Sierra Leone04.8
...
158Czechia36.1
159Cuba36.2
160Poland36.3
161Singapore36.5
162Latvia36.7
163Sweden37.0
World Avg18.3
q=185.

Migration:

Immigrants (2017)16
Pos.
%16
1UAE88.4%
2Kuwait75.5%
3Qatar65.2%
4Liechtenstein65.1%
5Monaco54.9%
6Andorra53.3%
7Bahrain48.4%
8Singapore46.0%
9Luxembourg45.3%
10Oman44.7%
11Hong Kong39.1%
12Saudi Arabia37.0%
World Avg9.4%
q=195.
Emigrants (2010)17
Pos.
%17
1Dominica104.8%
2Palestine68.4%
3Samoa67.3%
4Grenada65.5%
5St Kitts & Nevis61.1%
...
92Bhutan6.3%
93Tunisia6.3%
94Finland6.2%
95Singapore6.1%
96Guatemala6.1%
97Brunei6.0%
World Avg11.5%
q=192.

4. Human Rights, Equality & Tolerance

#equality #freedom #gender_equality #human_rights #morals #politics #prejudice #singapore #tolerance

Human Rights, Equality & Tolerance (2020)18,19
Pos.Lower is better
Avg Rank18,19
1Sweden9.2
2Norway14.7
3Denmark14.7
4Netherlands15.8
5New Zealand17.5
...
88Haiti86.6
89Suriname86.9
90Azerbaijan87.1
91Singapore87.6
92Tajikistan88.0
93Ghana88.1
Asia Avg99.8
World Avg87.7
q=199.

Singapore is generally poor at ensuring human rights and freedom compared to the rest of the world. Singapore comes in the best 20 in opposing gender inequality20 (one of the lowest in Asia) and in its success in fighting anti-semitic prejudice21. It does better than average when it comes to the rate of gender bias (from 7 indicators)22 (one of the best in Asia), supporting personal, civil & economic freedoms23 and in commentary in Human Rights Watch reports24. But, things could still be better. Singapore does worse than average in freethought25 (still low for Asia), supporting press freedom26 and in LGBT equality27. And finally, it falls into the worst 20 in speed of uptake of HR treaties28 (one of the worst in Asia) and in its nominal commitment to Human Rights29 (amongst the lowest in Asia). Foreign domestic workers are excluded key labor protections such working hours limits30. Singapore has draconian restrictions on what constitutes an 'assembly' and the law is so widely defined that the government can decide on a whim to ban gatherings or protests (including those involving just an individual person), and permits are often denied for political purposes30.

For tables, charts and commentary, see:

5. Singapore's Health

#alcohol #birth_control #demographics #health #life_expectancy #longevity #mental_health #obesity #overpopulation #parenting #population #Singapore #smoking #suicide #vaccines

Compared to Asia (2020)31,32
Pos.Lower is better
Avg Rank31,32
1Hong Kong18.3
2Maldives41.0
3Singapore42.6
4Japan51.0
5S. Korea51.3
6Sri Lanka52.9
7Bhutan55.1
8China60.4
9Brunei62.6
10Malaysia62.8
11Oman62.9
12N. Korea65.0
13Thailand65.3
Asia Avg80.1
q=50.
Health (2020)31,32
Pos.Lower is better
Avg Rank31,32
1Monaco13.0
2Hong Kong18.3
3Maldives41.0
4Singapore42.6
5Japan51.0
6S. Korea51.3
7Sri Lanka52.9
8Bhutan55.1
9China60.4
10Norway61.0
11Brunei62.6
12Malaysia62.8
13Oman62.9
World Avg93.5
q=196.

The countries with the best overall approach to public health, in terms of both public policy and individual lifestyle choices, are Monaco, Hong Kong and The Maldives31. These countries are worth emulating. And, although often through no fault of the average citizen, the worst countries are The Marshall Islands, S. Sudan and Palau31.

The data sets used to calculate points for each country are its average life expectancy, its alcohol consumption rate, its fertility rate, its smoking rate, its suicide rate, its food aid and health contributions and WHO compliance, the prevalence of overweight adults, its adolescent birth rate and its immunizations take-up. The regions with the best average results per country are Scandinavia, Asia and The Mediterranean31, whereas the worst are Micronesia, Australasia and Africa31.

For more, see:

Health:

Public health in Singapore is very good. Singapore comes in the best 20 in terms of its fertility rate14 (amongst the lowest in Asia), its adolescent birth rate20 and in its average life expectancy11. It does better than average in its alcohol consumption rate33, its food aid and health contributions and WHO compliance34 and in its immunizations take-up35. Singapore does not succeed in everything, however. Singapore does worse than average in its suicide rate36 and in its smoking rate37 (still good for Asia). The number of overweight adults has increased by 14% during the last 40 years.

Life Expectancy (2021)11
Pos.Higher is better
Years11
1Monaco85.9
2Hong Kong85.5
3Japan84.8
4Australia84.5
5Switzerland84.0
...
10Spain83.0
11Sweden83.0
12Italy82.9
13Singapore82.8
14Iceland82.7
15Canada82.7
Asia Avg73.48
World Avg71.28
q=195.
Alcohol Consumption (2016)33
Pos.Lower is better
Per Capita33
1Bangladesh0.0
2Kuwait0.0
3Libya0.0
4Mauritania0.0
5Somalia0.0
...
41Bahrain1.9
42Qatar2.0
43Nepal2.0
44Singapore2.0
45Turkey2.0
46Timor-Leste (E. Timor)2.1
Asia Avg3.9
World Avg6.2
q=189.
Fertility Rate (2013)14
Pos.2.0 is best14
1N. Korea2.00
2Brunei1.99
3St Vincent & Grenadines2.01
4France1.99
5Turkey2.04
...
107Kyrgyzstan2.64
108Austria1.35
109Egypt2.65
110Singapore1.35
111Saudi Arabia2.67
112Portugal1.31
Asia Avg2.46
World Avg2.81
q=180.
Smoking Rates (2014)37
Pos.Higher is worse37
182Montenegro4 125
181Belarus3 831
180Lebanon3 023
179Macedonia2 732
178Russia2 690
...
104New Zealand 680
103Morocco 671
102Bangladesh 665
101Singapore 652
100Equatorial Guinea 649
99Cambodia 645
Asia Avg1 035
World Avg 819
q=182.
Suicide Rate (2013)36
Pos.
Per 100k36
1Haiti0
2Grenada0
3Egypt0.1
4Jordan0.2
5Maldives0.7
...
47Netherlands18.6
48Luxembourg19.3
49Portugal19.6
50Singapore20.6
51India20.8
52Trinidad & Tobago21.7
Asia Avg19.50
World Avg20.93
q=91.
Food Aid, Health Contributions & WHO Compliance (2017)34
Pos.Lower is better
Rank34
1Sweden1
2Ireland2
3Denmark3
4UK4
5Norway5
...
46Malaysia46
47Czechia47
48China48
49Singapore49
50Ecuador50
51Israel51
Asia Avg64.4
World Avg82.0
q=163.
Overweight Adults (2016)38
Pos.Lower is better
%38
1Vietnam18.3
2India19.7
3Bangladesh20.0
4Ethiopia20.9
5Nepal21.0
...
47Congo, (Brazzaville)30.9
48Liberia30.9
49Ivory Coast31.6
50Singapore31.8
51Gambia31.9
52Ghana32.0
Asia Avg44.3
World Avg49.0
q=191.

Children's Health:

Adolescent Birth Rate (2015)20
Pos.Lower is better
Per 100020
1N. Korea0.5
2S. Korea1.6
3Switzerland2.9
4Hong Kong3.2
5Slovenia3.8
6Singapore3.8
7Netherlands4.0
8Denmark4.0
9Japan4.1
10Cyprus5.0
11Sweden5.7
12Norway5.9
Asia Avg29.9
World Avg47.9
q=185.
Infant Immunizations 2011-2015 (2015)35
Pos.Higher is better
Avg %35
1Hungary99.0
2China99.0
3Uzbekistan98.9
4Niue98.8
5Mongolia98.7
...
71Algeria95.0
72Tuvalu94.9
73Eritrea94.7
74Singapore94.6
75UK94.6
76Solomon Islands94.5
Asia Avg90.5
World Avg88.3
q=194.

6. Singapore's Modernity and Learning

#education #english #intelligence #maths #modernity #religion #religiosity #research #science #secularisation #technology #the_internet

Compared to Asia (2020)19
Pos.Lower is better
Avg Rank19
1Taiwan10.0
2Japan21.9
3S. Korea24.0
4Singapore27.9
5Israel32.2
6Hong Kong32.6
7Russia40.6
8Turkey50.1
9Malaysia50.2
10Macau50.8
11Cyprus54.0
12UAE56.0
13Saudi Arabia60.4
Asia Avg79.0
q=51.
Modernity and Learning (2020)19
Pos.Lower is better
Avg Rank19
1Finland8.4
2Taiwan10.0
3Switzerland15.1
4Estonia15.8
5Denmark16.0
...
22Hungary24.2
23Luxembourg24.4
24Netherlands24.7
25Singapore27.9
26Latvia28.2
27France28.8
28USA29.3
World Avg83.2
q=205.

Modernity and Education:

Research and Development (2016)
Pos.Higher is better
% RDP PPP
1S. Korea4.2939
2Israel4.1139
3Japan3.5839
4Finland3.1739
5Sweden3.1639
...
13Slovenia2.3939
14France2.2639
15Australia2.2540
16Singapore2.0041
17Czechia2.0039
18Netherlands1.9739
Asia Avg0.75
World Avg0.84
q=126.
Secondary Education (2018)42
Pos.Higher is better42
1Luxembourg100.0%
2Estonia100.0%
3Austria100.0%
4Canada100.0%
5Finland100.0%
...
57Bosnia & Herzegovina81.2%
58Malaysia80.8%
59Cyprus80.3%
60Singapore79.6%
61Italy79.6%
62Hong Kong79.4%
Asia Avg66.0%
World Avg63.0%
q=169.
Length of Schooling (2021)43
Pos.Higher is better
Years43
1Australia21.1
2New Zealand20.3
3Greece20.0
4Belgium19.6
5Sweden19.4
...
22Uruguay16.8
23Chile16.7
24Costa Rica16.5
25Singapore16.5
26S. Korea16.5
27Switzerland16.5
Asia Avg13.5
World Avg13.5
q=193.
Intellectual Endeavours (2017)34
Pos.Lower is better
Rank34
1Ukraine1
2Czechia2
3Hungary3
4Denmark4
5UK5
...
23Poland23
24France24
25S. Africa25
26Singapore26
27Greece27
28Serbia28
Asia Avg97.1
World Avg82.0
q=163.
Maths, Science & Reading (2015)44
Pos.Higher is better
Score44
1Singapore1655
2Hong Kong1598
3Japan1586
4Macau1582
5Estonia1573
6Taiwan1571
7Canada1571
8Finland1568
9S. Korea1557
10China154345
11Ireland1528
12Slovenia1528
Asia Avg1398
World Avg1389
q=70.
Religiosity (2018)46
Pos.Lower is better
%46
1China3
2Estonia6
3Czechia7
4Switzerland9
5Denmark9
6Germany10
7UK10
8Sweden10
9Japan10
10Finland10
11Latvia11
12France11
Asia Avg55.8
World Avg54.3
q=106.
IQ (2006)47
Pos.Higher is better47
1Hong Kong108
2Singapore108
3S. Korea106
4Japan105
5Taiwan105
6China105
7Italy102
8Iceland101
9Switzerland101
10Mongolia101
11Netherlands100
12Norway100
Asia Avg90.4
World Avg85.6
q=138.

Technology and Information:

Internet Users (2016)48
Pos.Higher is better48
1Iceland100%
2Faroe Islands99%
3Norway98%
4Bermuda97%
5Andorra97%
...
29Australia85%
30Bahamas85%
31Puerto Rico83%
32Singapore83%
33Slovakia83%
34Spain82%
Asia Avg48.7%
World Avg48.1%
q=201.
IPv6 Uptake (2017)49
Pos.Higher is better
Ratio49
1Belgium55.4
2Germany41.8
3Switzerland35.1
4USA35.0
5Greece33.5
...
32Slovenia5.4
33Bolivia5.0
34Macau4.2
35Singapore4.0
36Sweden3.8
37Poland3.6
Asia Avg2.11
World Avg3.82
q=176.

7. National Culture

#charity #corruption #happiness #morals #politics

Singapore has one of the best records on keeping corruption low.

World Giving Index (2013-2021)50
Pos.Lower is better50
1Myanmar (Burma)2.7
2New Zealand4.0
3USA4.7
4Australia4.9
5Indonesia9.0
...
29Liberia31.0
30Gambia31.0
31Libya32.0
32Singapore32.6
33Uzbekistan33.7
34Guatemala34.3
Asia Avg62.5
World Avg67.9
q=160.
Corruption (2022)51
Pos.Higher is better
Points51
1Denmark90.0
2Finland87.0
3New Zealand87.0
4Norway84.0
5Singapore83.0
6Sweden83.0
7Switzerland82.0
8Netherlands80.0
9Germany79.0
10Ireland77.0
11Luxembourg77.0
12Hong Kong76.0
Asia Avg39.98
World Avg42.98
q=180.
Happiness (2018)52
Pos.Higher is better52
1Finland7.6
2Norway7.6
3Denmark7.6
4Iceland7.5
5Switzerland7.5
...
31Uruguay6.4
32Qatar6.4
33Saudi Arabia6.4
34Singapore6.3
35Malaysia6.3
36Spain6.3
Asia Avg5.29
World Avg5.38
q=156.
Creativity and Culture (2017)34
Pos.Lower is better
Rank34
1Belgium1
2Netherlands2
3Estonia3
4Switzerland4
5Sweden5
...
26Italy26
27Mauritius27
28Malta28
29Singapore29
30Spain30
31Romania31
Asia Avg99.0
World Avg82.0
q=163.
Open Trading, Aid and Development (2017)34
Pos.Lower is better
Rank34
1Ireland1
2Denmark2
3Sweden3
4Netherlands4
5Switzerland5
...
15Albania15
16Togo16
17France17
18Singapore18
19Malaysia19
20Nicaragua20
Asia Avg86.3
World Avg82.0
q=163.

8. Peace Versus Instability

#human_development #peace #politics

Global Peace Index (2021)53
Pos.Lower is better53
1Iceland1.10
2New Zealand1.25
3Denmark1.26
4Portugal1.27
5Slovenia1.32
6Austria1.32
7Switzerland1.32
8Ireland1.33
9Czechia1.33
10Canada1.33
11Singapore1.35
12Japan1.37
Asia Avg2.22
World Avg2.08
q=163.
Peacekeeping and Security (2017)34
Pos.Lower is better
Rank34
1Samoa1
2S. Africa2
3Tunisia3
4Egypt4
5Nigeria5
...
11Oman11
12Tanzania12
13Cameroon13
14Singapore14
15Colombia15
16Costa Rica16
Asia Avg76.0
World Avg82.0
q=163.
Refugees and UN Treaties (2017)34
Pos.Lower is better
Rank34
1Austria1
2Germany2
3Netherlands3
4Sweden4
5Malta5
...
27Panama27
28Portugal28
29USA29
30Singapore30
31Greece31
32Bulgaria32
Asia Avg92.2
World Avg82.0
q=163.

9. The Natural Environment

#biodiversity #climate_change #deforestation #over-exploitation #the_environment

Forest Area Change 1990-2015 (2015)54
Pos.Higher is better
%54
1Iceland+205.6
2Bahrain+144.4
3Uruguay+131.3
4Kuwait+81.2
5Dominican Rep.+79.5
...
123Congo, DR-04.9
124Peru-05.1
125Angola-05.1
126Singapore-05.2
127Mexico-05.3
128Solomon Islands-06.0
Asia Avg+07.0
World Avg+02.8
q=184.
Environmental Performance (2018)55
Pos.Higher is better55
1Switzerland87.4
2France84.0
3Denmark81.6
4Malta80.9
5Sweden80.5
...
46Dominican Rep.64.7
47Uruguay64.7
48Estonia64.3
49Singapore64.2
50Poland64.1
51Venezuela63.9
Asia Avg54.5
World Avg56.4
q=180.
Energy to GDP Efficiency (2014)56
Pos.Higher is better56
1Hong Kong26.32
2Sri Lanka20.00
3Panama17.86
4Colombia17.54
5Ireland17.54
6Switzerland17.54
7Dominican Rep.16.95
8Mauritius15.63
9Malta15.15
10Singapore15.15
11Denmark14.93
12Peru14.49
Asia Avg09.14
World Avg09.29
q=119.
Convention on Biological Diversity
Pos.Earlier is better
Signed
1China1993 Dec 29
2Guinea1993 Dec 29
3Cook Islands1993 Dec 29
4Vanuatu1993 Dec 29
5Papua New Guinea1993 Dec 29
...
134S. Africa1996 Jan 31
135Nicaragua1996 Feb 18
136Latvia1996 Mar 13
137Singapore1996 Mar 20
138Syria1996 Apr 03
139Suriname1996 Apr 11
Asia Avg1899 Dec 30
World Avg1899 Dec 30
q=197.
Rational Beliefs on the Environment (2011)57
Pos.Higher is better
%57
1Argentina78.3%
2Greece77.6%
3Brazil77.1%
4Trinidad & Tobago74.5%
5Costa Rica74.2%
...
58Djibouti42.8%
59Burundi42.0%
60Zambia41.9%
61Singapore41.6%
62Ukraine41.5%
63Jordan41.4%
Asia Avg37.9%
World Avg39.9%
q=145.

10. Economic Inequality and Poverty

#health #inequality #life_expectancy

Inequality in Life Expectancy (2019)58
Pos.Higher is worse58
184Chad40.90
183Central African Rep.40.10
182Sierra Leone39.00
181Somalia38.90
180Nigeria37.10
...
6Japan2.90
5Slovenia2.90
4Sweden2.90
3Hong Kong2.50
2Singapore2.50
1Iceland2.40
Asia Avg11.80
World Avg14.59
q=184.

11. Religion and Beliefs

#belief #buddhism #christianity #god #hinduism #islam #judaism #religion #religiosity #secularisation

Religiosity (2018)46
Pos.Lower is better
%46
1China3
2Estonia6
3Czechia7
4Switzerland9
5Denmark9
6Germany10
7UK10
8Sweden10
9Japan10
10Finland10
11Latvia11
12France11
World Avg54.3
q=106.
Disbelief In God (2007)59
Pos.Higher is better
%59
1Vietnam81
2Japan65
3Sweden64
4Czechia61
5Estonia49
...
34Israel15
35Armenia14
36Lithuania13
37Singapore13
38Kazakhstan12
39China12
World Avg9.9
q=137.

Data from the Pew Forum, a professional polling outfit, states that in 2010 the religious makeup of this country was as follows in the table below60:

Christian18.2%
Muslim14.3%
Hindu5.2%
Buddhist33.9%
Folk Religion2.3%
Jew0.1%
Unaffiliated16.4%

The CIA World Factbook has slightly different data, and states: Buddhist 42.5%, Muslim 14.9%, Taoist 8.5%, Hindu 4%, Catholic 4.8%, other Christian 9.8%, other 0.7%, none 14.8% (2000 census)61.

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