The United Kingdom Suffers as a Result of Poor National Health

The UK's National Security Risk Assessment output classes the state of the UK public health as a Tier 1 national risk, the most potent of the three categories₁. The UK does relatively well in encouraging good health, compared to many other countries. The UK comes in the best 20 in terms of its food aid and health contributions and WHO compliance₂. It does better than average when it comes to its average life expectancy₃, its suicide rate₄, its adolescent birth rate₅ (but bad for Europe), its fertility rate₆ and in its immunizations take-up₇. But, there's bad news too. The UK does worse than average in terms of its smoking rate₈ (yet still amongst the lowest in Europe), the prevalence of overweight adults₉ and in its alcohol consumption rate₁₀. The prevalence of overweight adults has increased by 14% between 1976 and 2016. Discussing health problems is popular - half of all science stories in the UK media are medical₁₁, although, many of the claims made are dubious₁₁ and easily misinform. There are about 150 000 alternative therapists in Britain and the public spend about £4.5 billion on them (as of 2009)₁₂.

1. UK's Health
2. Adult Health Datasets
   1. Life Expectancy
   2. Alcohol Consumption
   3. Fertility Rate
   4. Smoking Rates
   5. Suicide Rate
   6. Food Aid, Health Contributions & WHO Compliance
   7. Overweight Adults
   8. Adult Obesity
3. Children's Health Datasets
   1. Adolescent Birth Rate
   2. Infant Immunizations 2011-2015
4. Links

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1. UK's Health

#health

Compared to Europe (2025)13
Pos.		Lower is better Avg Rank13
1	Monaco	14.3
2	Liechtenstein	30.1
3	Isle of Man	32.1
	...
20	Montenegro	66.5
21	Slovenia	67.5
22	Ireland	68.0
23	UK	68.4
24	Spain	70.8
25	Portugal	72.3
26	Cyprus	72.8
27	Germany	75.0
28	Albania	76.5
	Europe Avg	86.87
q=51.

Health (2025)13
Pos.		Lower is better Avg Rank13
1	Monaco	14.3
2	Liechtenstein	30.1
3	Isle of Man	32.1
	...
35	St Martin	66.7
36	Slovenia	67.5
37	Ireland	68.0
38	UK	68.4
39	New Zealand	69.9
40	Thailand	70.8
41	Spain	70.8
42	Brunei	71.2
	World Avg	97.60
q=213.

The countries with the best overall approach to public health, in terms of both public policy and individual lifestyle choices, are Monaco, Liechtenstein and The Isle of Man₁₄. These countries are worth emulating. And, although often through no fault of the average citizen, the worst countries are The Cook Islands, The Marshall Islands and Niue₁₄.

25 datasets are used to calculate points for each country, including multiple decades of data on its average life expectancy, its alcohol consumption rate, its fertility rate, its smoking rate, its suicide rate, its food aid and health contributions and WHO compliance, the prevalence of overweight adults, obesity rate, its adolescent birth rate and its immunizations take-up. The regions with the best average results per country are Scandinavia, Europe and The Balkans₁₄, whereas the worst are Micronesia, Africa and Australasia₁₄.

For more, see:

• "Countries With the Healthiest Cultures and Health Policies" by Vexen Crabtree (2020).

2. Adult Health Datasets

2.1. Life Expectancy

#demographics #health #hong_kong #immigration #japan #life_expectancy #longevity #population

Life Expectancy Higher is better3
Pos.		2021 Years3
1	Monaco	85.9
2	Hong Kong	85.5
3	Japan	84.8
	...
26	Cyprus	81.2
27	Portugal	81.0
28	San Marino	80.9
29	UK	80.7
30	Slovenia	80.7
31	Germany	80.6
32	Andorra	80.4
33	Greece	80.1
	Europe Avg	78.36
	World Avg	71.28
q=195.

In terms of its average life expectancy, the UK ranks 29th in the world.

Increasing longevity, and subsequent aging, is a long-term trend around the world₁₅. Global life expectancy has risen above the 70s, reaching 72, by 2016₁₆, as part of a global trend towards better health_16,17, and due to huge portions of the world being gradually lifted out of poverty. It also reflects overall improvements to cultural health, including diet, health services systems, attitudes to exercise and well-being, and also family structure and caring. For decades, Japan was well-known for having the highest average life expectancy₁₈, until the top spot was taken by Hong Kong. The regions with the best life expectancy are Europe (78.4), The Middle East (75.2) and Asia (73.2)₃ and the worst, by some way, is Africa (62.8)₃.

One effect of rising longevity is the 'demographics crisis'; where an increasing portion of the population is old and retired, putting pressure on services and taxes₁₉. The solution is for aging countries to import younger workers from elsewhere; over time, as birth rates stabilize, geriatric care improves the length of the working life, and population growth calms, this situation will stabilize.

For more, see:

• "Life Expectancy and Longevity" by Vexen Crabtree (2020).

Life expectancy in the UK improved by +6yrs in the 30 years from 1990, less than the global average of +7.9yrs.

Averages by decade for the UK (for the ranks, lower is better):

Life Expectancy	1990s  Average	2000s  Average	2010s  Average
the UK:	76.6	78.9	81.0
World Rank:	24th	⇣  25th	⇣  26th
World Avg:	65.3	68.2	71.4

2.2. Alcohol Consumption

#alcohol #health #sociology

Alcohol Consumption Lower is better10
Pos.		2016 Per Capita10
1	Bangladesh	0.0
2	Kuwait	0.0
3	Libya	0.0
	...
164=	Andorra	11.3
164=	Equatorial Guinea	11.3
166	Hungary	11.4
167=	UK	11.5
167=	Gabon	11.5
167=	Slovakia	11.5
167=	Switzerland	11.5
171	Austria	11.6
	Europe Avg	10.3
	World Avg	6.2
q=189.

The UK ranks 168th in the world regarding its alcohol consumption rate.

There is nothing wrong with drinking modest and sensible amounts of alcohol but fitness, physical health, mental health and long-term health all suffer as a result of medium- or heavy- drinking₂₀ and the health risks to the baby when pregnant mothers drink₂₁ are well-known. Aside from the effects on the individual, alcohol misuse impacts on entire economies₂₂ via increased health service costs, policing costs and lost days' work. Worldwide, alcohol misuse is "among the top five risk factors for disease, disability and death" and is a "cause of more than 200 disease and injury conditions in individuals, most notably alcohol dependence, liver cirrhosis, cancers and injuries"₂₃. "In 2012... 5.9% of all global deaths, were attributable to alcohol consumption"₂₄. Deaths from chronic alcohol misuse have been rising for decades, and so has violence, abuse, vandalism and crime all associated with alcohol over-use. The aggression and crime associated with alcohol in some Western countries infringes on the human rights of those who want nothing to do with such behaviour. Many of the social effects of alcohol are psychological and cultural; i.e., people don't have to behave criminally or destructively whilst drunk - it is a culturally learned behaviour. Experiments have shown that behaviour can be controlled: Those who do not wish to behave badly whilst drunk, will not do so.

For more, see:

• "Alcohol: The Social & Medical Effects and How to Combat Misuse" by Vexen Crabtree (2015).

The UK has seen a 50-year growth in alcohol consumption and it has become a public-health crisis₂₅. In 2007-8 it directly cost the NHS £3 billion₂₅, and overall the national cost is up to £55 billion a year_25,26. Across 2007-8, the UK had up to 40,000 alcohol-related deaths, including 350 from acute alcohol poisoning and 8,000 from cirrhosis of the liver₂₅. Consumption has doubled since the late 1950s, whilst in other developed countries such as France and Italy, it has more than halved₂₇; liver disease rates are falling in the EU, but the UK's rises₂₈. The price of alcohol is half what it was in the 1970s₂₇. Between 1995 and 2001, binge drinking increased by 35% in the UK₂₇ . The increase in drinking "is reflected in rising death rates from chronic liver disease, the primary cause of which is too much drink", and the UK has some of Europe's worst rates of childhood drunkenness and several thousands of babies are born each year with foetal alcohol syndrome₂₅, which has lifelong effects.

2.3. Fertility Rate

#birth_control #demographics #fertility #health #overpopulation #population #yemen

Fertility Rate 2.0 is best6
Pos.		20226
1	US Virgin Islands	2.00
2	Ecuador	2.00
3	Nepal	2.01
	...
72	St Martin	2.39
73	Isle of Man	1.57
74=	Slovakia	1.57
74=	UK	1.57
76	Paraguay	2.44
77	Laos	2.45
78=	Denmark	1.55
78=	Slovenia	1.55
	Europe Avg	1.53
	World Avg	2.47
q=208.

With respect to its fertility rate, the UK is positioned 74th in the world.

The fertility rate is, in simple terms, the average amount of children that each woman has. The higher the figure, the quicker the population will grow, although, to calculate the rate you also need to take into account morbidity - the rate at which people die. If people live healthy and long lives and morbidity is low, then, 2.0 approximates to the replacement rate (two new children for each set of parents who die), which would keep the population stable. If all countries had such a fertility rate, population growth would end. The actual replacement rate in most developed countries is around 2.1. The highest fertility rate ever detected in a single year was in Yemen in 1985, at 8.86.₂₉

For more, see:

• "The Population of the Earth" by Vexen Crabtree (2019).

The UK's peak fertility rate was 2.93 in 1964.

Averages by decade for the UK (for the ranks, lower is better):

Fertility Rate	1960s  Average	1970s  Average	1980s  Average	1990s  Average	2000s  Average	2010s  Average
the UK:	2.76	1.99	1.80	1.75	1.76	1.80
World Rank:	30th	⇡  1st	⇣  26th	⇣  29th	⇣  42nd	⇡  39th
World Avg:	5.35	4.78	4.22	3.57	3.03	2.73

2.4. Smoking Rates

#cancer #democracy #health #smoking

Smoking is the UK's biggest cause of preventable death and 100,000 people die from related diseases every year₃₀. The health of the nation affects everyone in the long-run₃₁ - although in 2016/17 tax on cigarettes earned the government £7.6 billion₃₂, in 2010 statistics showed the total cost to the economy of smoking (including NHS costs) was £13.7 billion₃₃. 474,000 hospital admissions every year in England are directly due to smoking₃₂.

But things are moving in the right direction. Since the 1970s, the government has enacted a stream of laws to improve public health: strong restrictions on advertising cigarettes, enforced health warnings on packs, increased costs, banned sports sponsorships and banned smoking in public enclosed spaces._32,34,35. Each of those measures was fought through long legal and PR campaigns by the tobacco industry_34,35. But it is working, and smoking rates in Great Britain have declined from 50% in 1974 to 16% in 2016, and the spectre of childhood smoking has declined to 3%._32,36

Smoking Rates Lower is better8
Pos.		20148
1	Guinea	15
2	Solomon Islands	26
3	Kiribati	28
	...
107	UAE	715
108	Namibia	740
109	Papua New Guinea	826
110	UK	827
111	Sweden	831
112	Laos	836
113	Iran	869
114	Thailand	895
	Europe Avg	1 648
	World Avg	819
q=182.

With respect to its smoking rate, the UK is positioned 110th in the world (yet still one of the lowest in Europe).

Cigarettes are the most lethal consumer product on the planet and is the biggest preventable course of disease in the world₃₄. A billion people smoke₃₇. The fight for public health means limiting and reducing the business of the tobacco industry and as the governments of most developed countries make headway, the tobacco industry has resisted with misinformation, public-relations campaigns and fake customer-concern lobby groups, trying to make the government think that the citizens do not support its actions. With £30 billion pounds (UKP) profit per year₃₄, the industry runs such massive and influential lobbies that most governments find it difficult to make any progress in curbing rates of smoking.

If you smoke, you are more likely to drink. If you smoke or drink, you are also more likely to do drugs. Smoking is statistically intertwined deeply with trash culture. Only 15% of men in the highest professional classes smoke, but 42% of unskilled workers do₃₈. Smoking is higher amongst those who are already in trouble: single mothers smoke at 55%, most homeless do and practically 100% of drug addicts do₃₈. Smoking during late pregnancy reduces the IQ of babies by an average of 6.2 points₃₉ and causes increased antisocial behaviour. Aside from the financial cost to taxpayers and the health costs to individuals, indirect negative economic effects result from increased rates of disease and sick days lost from work.

For more, see:

• "The Side Effects of Smoking. Which Countries Smoke Most?" by Vexen Crabtree (2014).

2.5. Suicide Rate

#belgium #finland #health #japan #mental_health #suicide #switzerland

Suicide Rate4
Pos.		2013 Per 100k4
1	Haiti	0
2	Grenada	0
3	Egypt	0.1
	...
36	Italy	12.8
37	Macedonia	13.5
38	Mauritius	13.7
39	UK	13.9
40	Ecuador	14.1
41	Spain	15.3
42	Argentina	15.6
43	Thailand	15.8
	Europe Avg	26.99
	World Avg	20.93
q=91.

The UK is 40th in the world with regard to its suicide rate.

Suicide as a human behaviour is recorded in the texts of the most ancient civilisations. But reliable statistics on it are hard to collect. The World Health Organisation publishes the statistics used by the United Nations, which is duplicated in the long table on the right.

Almost universally, successful male suicide rates are much higher than female rates. However, female suicide attempts are more frequent than male attempts.

Countries with high suicide rates are a mixture between those riddled with organized criminal gangs, under-developed countries, and, highly developed countries. There are cultural and situational effects at work that persist in the long-term: nothing seems to lower the high suicide rates in Japan, Belgium and Finland. And some of the countries with the lowest rates are not particularly well developed socially. It seems there is no correlation between suicide rates and things like development, prosperity and national engagement in human rights.

Switzerland comes in as the country with the 17th highest suicide rate despite its liberal stance, with 36.2 suicides per 100,000 people.

For more, see:

• "Accepting Assisted Suicide: A Focus on UK Law" by Vexen Crabtree (2012).

2.6. Food Aid, Health Contributions & WHO Compliance

Food Aid, Health Contributions & WHO Compliance Lower is better2
Pos.		2017 Rank2
1	Sweden	1
2	Ireland	2
3	Denmark	3
4	UK	4
5	Norway	5
6	Switzerland	6
7	Germany	7
8	Canada	8
9	Netherlands	9
10	USA	10
11	Luxembourg	11
12	Finland	12
	Europe Avg	47.4
	World Avg	82.0
q=163.

The UK comes 4th-best in the world in terms of its food aid and health contributions and WHO compliance.

2.7. Overweight Adults

#health #obesity

Overweight Adults Lower is better9
Pos.		1976 %9
1	Bangladesh	4.7
2	Vietnam	5.1
3	Nepal	5.4
	...
152=	Argentina	40.4
152=	Chile	40.4
154	Uruguay	40.5
155=	UK	40.6
155=	Iceland	40.6
155=	Canada	40.6
158	Poland	40.8
159	Jordan	41.0
	Europe Avg	38.2
	World Avg	27.1
q=191.

Regarding the prevalence of overweight adults, the UK is 155th in the world.

Over 2 in 3 adults in the UK are overweight₄₀. It has widespread knock-on effects for the rest of the UK, resulting in lost-hours of work, developed disabilities and social care costs. A UK government Commons Health Select Committee report in late 2015 stated that obesity costs the UK economy £27 billion every year₄₁ and the total costs to Britain were widely reported in 2014 to be £47 billion_43,44 - more than war, violence and terrorism combined_43,44. It costs the National Health Service £5.1 billion per year₅₃. Childhood obesity presents the greatest long-term risk (and cost) and parents must do more to instigate sensible eating practices₅₄. In early 2016, the Health Secretary Jeremy Hunt said that UK rates of childhood obesity constituted a national emergency₅₅.

The issue has been a long-term development; the chart shows rates rising between 1996-2005 in England.

2.8. Adult Obesity

#genetics #health #obesity #physical_fitness #public_health

Adult Obesity Lower is better42
Pos.		2022 %42
1	Vietnam	2.1%
2	Timor-Leste (E. Timor)	2.2%
3	Ethiopia	2.4%
	...
123	Tunisia	28.3%
124	Uzbekistan	28.5%
125	Honduras	28.5%
126	UK	28.7%
127	Brazil	28.8%
128	Suriname	29.0%
129	Dominican Rep.	29.1%
130	Trinidad & Tobago	29.2%
	Europe Avg	25.9%
	World Avg	24.7%
q=199.

When it comes to obesity rate, the UK comes 126th in the world.

About one third of the global population is overweight or obese₄₃. It's more serious than simply being overweight and causes a range of systemic health conditions including the development of Type 2 diabetes_45,46, muscle and bone degradation including osteoarthritis₄₅, cardiovascular disease (i.e. heart disease)₄₅, substantial disability₄₅, cancers (endometrial, breast and colon)₄₅, the acceleration of the ageing process₄₇ and decreased life expectancy_45,47. Health systems have to routinely cope with resultant complications, and cultural changes are having to be made₄₈, impacting on transport, resources and workplaces, with measurable effects on national economies, diverting time and resources away from other issues. In 2000, it was the world's most costly epidemic₄₈, and has continued to get worse in every region of the world every decade since₄₉.

The causes are lifestyle and culture_50,45, not genetics_51,52. Causes are processed foods, low levels of physical exercise, over-indulgence, poor choices in food products and poor knowledge of nutrition. Health experts have warned that there is no medical solution: prevention is the only possible route to reduce the cost of obesity₅₃ but the situation is made much worse by well-funded advertising campaigns by food manufacturers selling cheap mass-produced food. Even many so-called "health foods" contain well over recommended limits of fat, salt and sugar₅₇ and a range of popular fad diets capitalize on miseducated consumers to buy into costly and nonsensical schemes that falsely promise quick results₅₈.

For more, see:

• " The Modern Obesity Epidemic" by Vexen Crabtree (2025).

Averages by decade for the UK (for the ranks, lower is better):

Adult Obesity	1990s  Average	2000s  Average	2010s  Average
the UK:	15.8%	23.0%	26.8%
World Rank:	140th	⇣  158th	⇡  143rd
World Avg:	12.5%	16.7%	21.0%

3. Children's Health Datasets

3.1. Adolescent Birth Rate

#health #parenting #population

Adolescent Birth Rate Lower is better5
Pos.		2022 Per 10005
1	Hong Kong	1.6
2	Denmark	1.8
3	S. Korea	2.1
	...
46	Oman	9.7
47	Lithuania	9.7
48	Montenegro	9.7
49	UK	10.0
50	Latvia	10.5
51	China	11.1
52	Belarus	11.2
53	Malta	11.5
	Europe Avg	11.4
	World Avg	43.8
q=195.

The UK is positioned 49th in the world regarding its adolescent birth rate.

Averages by decade for the UK (for the ranks, lower is better):

Adolescent Birth Rate	1990s  Average	2000s  Average	2010s  Average
the UK:	30.9	26.6	16.5
World Rank:	49th	⇣  66th	⇡  53rd
World Avg:	71.0	59.4	51.4

3.2. Infant Immunizations 2011-2015

#health #vaccines

Infant Immunizations 2011-2015 Higher is better7
Pos.		2015 Avg %7
1=	Hungary	99.0
1=	China	99.0
3	Uzbekistan	98.9
	...
72	Tuvalu	94.9
73	Eritrea	94.7
74	Singapore	94.6
75	UK	94.6
76	Solomon Islands	94.5
77	Norway	94.3
78	Bolivia	94.2
79=	UAE	94.0
	Europe Avg	92.7
	World Avg	88.3
q=194.

The UK is positioned 75th in the world with regard to its immunizations take-up.