Human Rights and Freedom in Israel

Israel State of Israel [Country Profile Page]
Status	Independent State
Social and Moral Index	39th best
Location	Asia, The Mediterranean, The Middle East
Population	8.4m1
Life Expectancy	82.26yrs (2017)2

Israel does relatively well in ensuring human rights and freedom, compared to many other countries. Israel does better than average in opposing gender inequality₃, combatting modern slavery₄, LGBT equality in the 2020s₅ and in its average Freedom in the World rating. But, things still need to improve in Israel. Israel does worse than average in commentary in Human Rights Watch reports₆, supporting press freedom₇ (still high for Asia), its nominal commitment to Human Rights₈ and in freethought₉. Critics of Israel (including journalists) faced increasing restrictions in 2017₁₀ and its blasphemy law is too vague and wide-ranging₁₁. The Israeli government continues to enforce severe and discriminatory restrictions on Palestinians´ human rights and restricts movement in/out of the Gaza Strip₁₀. Israel does not investigate violent abuses committed by its security forces in Palestinian areas. Unfortunately, the Palestinian Authority (PA) in the West Bank and Hamas in Gaza both conducted their own crackdowns on their own citizens, including making arbitrary arrests and persecuting dissenters.₁₀

1. Israel's Human Rights, Equality & Tolerance
2. Human Rights & Tolerance Datasets
   1. Press Freedom
   2. Slavery in the 2020s
   3. Freedom in the World
   4. Human Rights Watch Comments
   5. Nominal Commitment to HR
   6. HR Treaties Lag
3. Gender Equality Datasets
   1. Gender Inequality
   2. Year Women Can Vote
4. Prejudice Datasets
   1. LGBT Equality in the 2020s
   2. Freedom of Thought
5. Freedom of Belief and Religion
6. Links

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1. Israel's Human Rights, Equality & Tolerance

#equality #freedom #gaza_strip #gender_equality #human_rights #israel #morals #palestine #politics #prejudice #tolerance

Compared to Asia (2025)12
Pos.		Lower is better Avg Rank12
1	Japan	31.6
2	Taiwan	42.2
3	S. Korea	45.2
4	Cyprus	49.2
5	Israel	64.8
6	Philippines	81.0
7	Mongolia	81.6
8	Timor-Leste (E. Timor)	81.8
9	Thailand	82.1
10	Georgia	83.0
11	Hong Kong	83.9
12	Nepal	93.0
13	Singapore	97.8
	Asia Avg	110.11
q=51.

Human Rights, Equality & Tolerance (2025)12
Pos.		Lower is better Avg Rank12
1	Sweden	7.5
2	Netherlands	8.6
3	Denmark	9.0
	...
45	Monaco	61.1
46	Chile	61.4
47	Montenegro	64.3
48	Israel	64.8
49	Cape Verde	65.1
50	Bolivia	65.3
51	Mexico	66.3
52	Serbia	67.5
	World Avg	90.04
q=198.

The best countries in the world at ensuring human rights, fostering equality and promoting tolerance, are Sweden, The Netherlands and Denmark₁₃. These countries are displaying the best traits that humanity has to offer. The worst countries are Somalia, Eritrea and Saudi Arabia₁₃.

30 datasets are used to calculate points for each country, including multiple decades of data on supporting press freedom, combatting modern slavery, its average Freedom in the World rating, commentary in Human Rights Watch reports, its nominal commitment to Human Rights, speed of uptake of HR treaties, opposing gender inequality, the rate of gender bias (from 7 indicators), the year from which women could participate in democracy, its success in fighting anti-semitic prejudice, LGBT equality and freethought. The regions with the best average results per country are Scandinavia, Baltic States and Europe₁₃, whereas the worst are The Middle East, Africa and Asia₁₃.

For more, see:

• " Which are the Best Countries for Human Rights, Equality and Tolerance?" by Vexen Crabtree (2025).

Amnesty International's 2023-23 summary on human rights in Israel stated:

“Israel’s continuing oppressive and discriminatory system of governing Palestinians in Israel and the Occupied Palestinian Territories (OPT) constituted a system of apartheid, and Israeli officials committed the crime of apartheid under international law. Israeli forces launched a three-day offensive on the occupied Gaza Strip in August during which they committed apparent war crimes. This compounded the impact of a 15-year ongoing Israeli blockade that amounts to illegal collective punishment and further fragments Palestinian territory. Israel escalated its crackdown on Palestinians’ freedom of association. It also imposed arbitrary restrictions on freedom of movement and closures that amounted to collective punishment, mainly in the northern West Bank, ostensibly in response to armed attacks by Palestinians on Israeli soldiers and settlers. The year saw a rise in the number of Palestinians unlawfully killed and seriously injured by Israeli forces during raids in the West Bank. Administrative detentions of Palestinians hit a 14-year high, and torture and other ill treatment continued. Israeli forces demolished al-Araqib village in the Negev/ Naqab for the 211th time. A further 35 Palestinian-Bedouin towns in Israel were still denied formal recognition and residents faced possible forcible transfer. Authorities failed to process asylum claims for thousands of asylum seekers, and imposed restrictions on their right to work.”

"The State of the World's Human Rights 2022/23" by Amnesty International (2023)₁₄

“The Israeli government continued to enforce severe and discriminatory restrictions on Palestinians´ human rights; restrict the movement of people and goods into and out of the Gaza Strip; and facilitate the unlawful transfer of Israeli citizens to settlements in the occupied West Bank. Punitive measures taken by the Palestinian Authority (PA) exacerbated the humanitarian crisis in Gaza caused by the closure enforced by Israel. The PA in the West Bank and Hamas in Gaza escalated crackdowns on dissent, arbitrarily arresting critics, and abusing those in their custody. [...]

The Israeli government continued its openly stated policy of rendering “miserable” the lives of the roughly 40,000 Eritrean and Sudanese asylum seekers present in the country in order to induce them to depart. These measures include prolonged detention; restrictions on freedom of movement; ambiguous policies on permission to work; and restricting access to health care.”

"World Report 2018" by Human Rights Watch (2018)₁₀

2. Human Rights & Tolerance Datasets

2.1. Press Freedom

#democracy #freedom #Freedom_of_Speech #Good_Governance #mass_media #politics #UK

Press Freedom Higher is better7
Pos.		20257
1	Norway	92.31
2	Estonia	89.46
3	Netherlands	88.64
	...
108	S. Sudan	51.63
109	Guinea-Bissau	51.36
110	Haiti	51.06
111	Israel	51.06
112	Madagascar	50.80
113	Georgia	50.53
114	Colombia	49.80
115	Philippines	49.57
	Asia Avg	39.69
	World Avg	54.65
q=179. Also scored for 2000s-2010s.

Still high for Asia with regard to supporting press freedom, Israel ranks 111th in the world.

The freedom to investigate, publish information, and have access to others' opinion is a fundamental part of today's information-driven world, and is linked with Freedom of Speech and Good Governance. Scores on the Press Freedom Index are calculated according to indicators including pluralism - the degree to which opinions are represented in the media, media independence of authorities, self-censorship, legislation, transparency and the infrastructure that supports news and information, and, the level of violence against journalists which includes lengths of imprisonments. The index "does not take direct account of the kind of political system but it is clear that democracies provide better protection for the freedom to produce and circulate accurate news and information than countries where human rights are flouted". The rankings are used as one of the datasets of the Social and Moral Development Index₁₅

It must be noted that press freedom is not an indicator of press quality and the press itself can be abusive; the UK suffers in particular from a popular brand of nasty reporting that infuses several of its newspapers who are particularly prone to running destructive and often untrue campaigns against victims. The Press Freedom Index notes that "the index should in no way be taken as an indicator of the quality of the media in the countries concerned".

For more, see:

• "Human Rights" by Vexen Crabtree (2026).

“Israeli authorities have continued to narrow the space for criticism of its policies toward Palestinians. In March, the Knesset passed a law barring entry to foreigners who call for boycotting Israel or settlements. Authorities continue to impose onerous reporting requirements on nongovernment organizations receiving most of their funding from foreign government entities.”

"World Report 2018" by Human Rights Watch (2018)₁₀

Averages by decade for Israel (for the ranks, lower is better):

Press Freedom	2000s  Average	2010s  Average
Israel:	20.00	68.44
World Rank:	78th	⇣  96th
World Avg:	27.44	65.91

2.2. Slavery in the 2020s

#burundi #eritrea #human_rights #indonesia #slavery

Slavery in the 2020s Lower is better4
Pos.		Slavery in the 2020s Per 10004
1=	Switzerland	0.50
1=	Norway	0.50
3=	Germany	0.60
	...
45	Swaziland	3.60
46	Burkina Faso	3.70
47=	Portugal	3.80
47=	Israel	3.80
49=	Guinea	4.00
49=	Sudan	4.00
49=	China	4.00
49=	Mongolia	4.00
	Asia Avg	9.89
	World Avg	7.15
q=160. Also scored for 2010s-2020s.

Israel comes 47th in the world with regard to combatting modern slavery.

Modern slavery includes forced labour (often of the under-age), debt bondage (especially generational), sexual slavery, chattel slavery and other forms of abuse, some of which can be surprisingly difficult to detect, but often target those fleeing from warzones, and the poverty-stricken vulnerable.₁₆. Some industries (diamond, clothing, coal) from some countries (Burundi₁₇, Eritrea₁₇, Indonesia₁₈) are a particular concern. The Walk Free Foundation, say in their 2023 report, that 50 million people are living in modern slavery₁₇, and, nearly two-thirds of those in forced labour are employed at the end of supply chains working for large multinationals that creating products consumed by rich countries₁₉.

For more, see:

• "The Historical Slave Trade and Modern Slavery" by Vexen Crabtree (2018).

Averages by decade for Israel (for the ranks, lower is better):

Slavery	2010s  Average	2020s  Average
Israel:	3.90	3.80
World Rank:	78th	⇡  47th
World Avg:	6.54	7.15

2.3. Freedom in the World

#freedom #human_rights #hungary #politics #USA

Freedom in the World Lower is better
Pos.		2024 Score
1=	Norway	1.0
1=	Canada	1.0
1=	Cape Verde	1.0
	...
75=	Ghana	2.0
76=	Timor-Leste (E. Timor)	2.5
76=	Senegal	2.5
76=	Israel	2.5
76=	Solomon Islands	2.5
76=	Colombia	2.5
76=	Nauru	2.5
76=	Lesotho	2.5
	Asia Avg	5.0
	World Avg	3.7
q=205. Also scored for 1970s-2010s.

Israel ranks 76th in the world with regard to its average Freedom in the World rating.

Freedom House's long-standing annual report has been running since the 1970s, collecting data on political rights (PR) and civil liberties (CL). Their reports rate countries as "Free", "Partially Free" or "Not Free", however the results here are based on their numerical values. Many countries score the best combination of scores (1 and 1), which is why the table of results show many places equally placed in 1st place. In the past two decades, some well-established democracies like the USA and Hungary have been falling. Whilst most of the world in general is improving rights and freedoms over time, the 2020s has seen some regression.

For more, see:

• " Which are the Best Countries for Human Rights, Equality and Tolerance?" by Vexen Crabtree (2025).

Averages by decade for Israel (for the ranks, lower is better):

Freedom in the World	1970s  Average	1980s  Average	1990s  Average	2000s  Average	2010s  Average
Israel:	2.3	2.0	2.0	1.8	1.8
World Rank:	39th	⇡  38th	⇣  55th	⇣  62nd	⇡  59th
World Avg:	4.3	4.2	3.6	3.4	3.4

2.4. Human Rights Watch Comments

#human_rights

Human Rights Watch Comments Higher is better6
Pos.		2017 Score6
1=	UK	9
1=	France	9
1=	Germany	9
	...
87=	Tajikistan	-5
87=	Lebanon	-5
87=	Mali	-5
87=	Israel	-5
91=	UAE	-6
91=	Rwanda	-6
91=	Uzbekistan	-6
91=	Iraq	-6
	Asia Avg	-5.0
	World Avg	-1.9
q=123.

Israel comes 78th in the world regarding commentary in Human Rights Watch reports.

Human Rights Watch comments concentrate mostly on negative issues, however, they also make positive comments for those countries that engage in human rights defence around the world, or who make improvements at home. By adding up positive and negative comments (including double-points for negatives that involve large scales and crimes against humanity), the Social and Moral Index turns HRW commentary into quantified values. Some countries may be unfairly penalized because HRW have not examined them, and, some countries "get away" with abuses if they manage to hide it, or if it goes unnoticed - a negative point has been given for those countries in which HRW specifically state that access to investigators has been barred. The points were limited to a minimum of -10 because there are some points at which things are so bad, with abuses affecting so many, it is difficult to be more specific about the depths of the issues.

For more, see:

• "Human Rights" by Vexen Crabtree (2026).

2.5. Nominal Commitment to HR

#human_rights

Nominal Commitment to HR Higher is better8
Pos.		2009 Treaties8
1	Argentina	24
2=	Chile	23
2=	Costa Rica	23
	...
139=	Dominica	12
139=	Central African Rep.	12
139=	Bahrain	12
139=	Israel	12
139=	Angola	12
139=	Suriname	12
139=	Kuwait	12
139=	Trinidad & Tobago	12
	Asia Avg	12.7
	World Avg	15.1
q=194.

In terms of its nominal commitment to Human Rights, Israel comes 137th in the world.

There are many international agreements on Human Rights, and, many mechanisms by which countries can be brought to account for their actions. Together, these have been the biggest historical movement in the fight against oppression and inhumanity. Or, putting it another way: these are rejected mostly by those who wish to oppress inhumanely. None of them are perfect and many people object to various components and wordings, but, no-one has come up with, and enforced, better methods of controlling the occasional desires that states and peoples have of causing angst for other states and peoples in a violent, unjust or inhumane way. Points are awarded for the number of Human Rights agreements ratified by the country, plus the acceptance of the petition mechanisms for disputes. The maximum possible score in 2009 was 24.

For more, see:

• "Human Rights" by Vexen Crabtree (2026).

2.6. HR Treaties Lag

#human_rights #international_law #micronesia #politics #small_islands

HR Treaties Lag Lower is better20
Pos.		2019 Avg Yrs/Treaty20
1	Ecuador	2.15
2	Uruguay	2.25
3	Tunisia	3.65
	...
104	Zambia	10.81
105	Iran	10.81
106	Albania	10.94
107	Israel	10.97
108	Armenia	11.00
109	Lithuania	11.03
110	Mozambique	11.04
111	Tajikistan	11.08
	Asia Avg	10.97
	World Avg	10.02
q=195.

Israel is 107th in the world with regard to speed of uptake of HR treaties.

Human Rights (HR) Treaties Lag is a count of how long it took each country to sign each of 11 key HR treaties. From the date of the first signatory of each treaty, all other countries have one point added to their score for each day they delayed in signing. Results are presented as average time in years to sign each one. The lower a country's score, the more enthusiastically it has taken on international Human Rights Treaties - which are, of course, minimal standards of good governance. The slowest are the countries of Micronesia, Melanesia, Australasia and Polynesia all lagged by over 12 years per treaty. The best regions are The Americas, Scandinavia and the Mediterranean.

For more, see:

• " Which are the Best Countries for Human Rights, Equality and Tolerance?" by Vexen Crabtree (2025).

3. Gender Equality Datasets

Israel is notable for its equality between the sexes.

See:

• "Religion Versus Womankind" by Vexen Crabtree (2007)

3.1. Gender Inequality

#gender #gender_equality #human_rights #misogyny #women

Gender Inequality Lower is better3
Pos.		20223
1	Denmark	0.01
2	Norway	0.01
3	Switzerland	0.02
	...
22	Japan	0.08
23	France	0.08
24	New Zealand	0.09
25	Israel	0.09
26	Croatia	0.09
27	Estonia	0.10
28	UK	0.10
29	Belarus	0.10
	Asia Avg	0.33
	World Avg	0.34
q=166. Also scored for 1990s-2010s.

Israel comes 25th in the world in terms of opposing gender inequality.

The UN Human Development Reports include statistics on gender equality which take into account things like maternal mortality, access to political power (seats in parliament) and differences between male and female education rates. Gender inequality is not a necessary part of early human development. Although a separation of roles is almost universal due to different strengths between the genders, this does not have to mean that women are subdued, and, such patriarchalism is not universal in ancient history. Those cultures and peoples who shed, or never developed, the idea that mankind ought to dominate womankind, are better cultures and peoples than those who, even today, cling violently to those mores.

For more, see:

• "Gender Equality" by Vexen Crabtree (2023).

Averages by decade for Israel (for the ranks, lower is better):

Gender Inequality	1990s  Average	2000s  Average	2010s  Average
Israel:	0.30	0.17	0.11
World Rank:	33rd	⇡  25th	⇡  23rd
World Avg:	0.44	0.41	0.37

3.2. Year Women Can Vote

#christianity #gender_equality #human_rights #politics #women

Year Women Can Vote Lower is better
Pos.		Year Women Can Vote Year
1	New Zealand	1893
2	Australia	1902
3	Finland	1906
	...
70=	Malta	1947
70=	Argentina	1947
72=	S. Korea	1948
72=	Israel	1948
72=	Belgium	1948
72=	Niger	1948
72=	Suriname	1948
72=	Seychelles	1948
	Asia Avg	1907
	World Avg	1930
q=189.

With respect to the year from which women could participate in democracy, Israel ranks 72nd in the world.

Women now have equal rights in the vast majority of countries across the world. Although academic literature oftens talks of when a country "grants women the right to vote", this enforces a backwards way of thinking. Women always had the right to vote, however, they were frequently denied that right. The opposition to women's ability to vote in equality with man was most consistently and powerfully opposed by the Catholic Church, other Christian organisations, Islamic authorities and some other religious and secular traditionalists.

For more, see:

• "Gender Equality" by Vexen Crabtree (2023).

4. Prejudice Datasets

4.1. LGBT Equality in the 2020s

#2020s #equality #homosexuality #human_rights #ICCPR #intolerance #sexuality #tolerance

LGBT Equality in the 2020s Higher is better5
Pos.		LGBT Equality in the 2020s Score5
1=	Germany	4.88
1=	Spain	4.88
3	Portugal	4.81
	...
54=	Jersey	1.62
54=	Sint Eustatius	1.62
54=	Saba	1.62
57	Israel	1.58
58	Taiwan	1.57
59	Cayman Islands	1.35
60	Falkland Islands	1.33
61	S. Korea	1.26
	Asia Avg	-2.88
	World Avg	-1.21
q=215. Also scored for 1970s-2020s.

Israel is positioned 57th in the world regarding LGBT equality in the 2020s.

Discrimination against Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender (LGBT) folk is rife across the world. Legal restrictions co-exist alongside social stigmatisation and physical violence₂₁. LGBT tolerance and equal rights have been fought for country-by-country against tightly entrenched cultural and religious opposition. Adult consensual sexual activity is a Human Right and protected by privacy laws₂₂. Despite this, it is illegal to be homosexual in over 60 countries (as of 2025)₂₃. The Vexen LGBT Equality Index as part of the Social and Moral Development Index grants points to each country depending on its LGBT stance since the 1970s_24,25. Europe is by far the least prejudiced region, but in the Middle East and Africa cultural prejudice goes hand-in-hand with state intolerance, all too often including physical violence.

For more, see:

• " LGBT Rights Across the World: Which are the Best and Worst Countries?" by Vexen Crabtree (2025).

Homosexuality has been legal in Israel since 1988, though laws against sodomy had not been enforced since 1953, when the Attorney General declared sodomy laws would not be enforced against consenting adults (confirmed by its Supreme Court in 1963). Same-sex marriages performed abroad are recognized, adoption rights are available, discrimination protections are strong, and LGBTQ people serve openly in the military. The High Court of Justice unanimously ruled in 2023 that the 1981 law must be interpreted to allow sameâ€`sex couples to adopt, stating that the law's intent was to ensure children were placed in stable twoâ€`parent families, not specifically heterosexual ones.

ILGA researchers in 2017 found that Israel had legal protections against anti-LGBT employment discrimination, .

Actions taken at the United Nations:

•  ⇡  Supported the 2008 Declaration at the UN General Assemly affirming LGBTQ rights, tabled by Argentina.
•  ⇡  In 2025, signed the UN Human Rights Council Joint statement on ending acts of violence and human rights violations based on sexual orientation and gender identity.

Averages by decade for Israel (for the ranks, lower is better):

LGBT Equality	1970s  Average	1980s  Average	1990s  Average	2000s  Average	2010s  Average	2020s  Average
Israel:	-2.00	-1.70	0.95	2.20	2.25	1.58
World Rank:	64th	⇣  70th	⇡  10th	⇣  43rd	⇣  54th	⇣  57th
World Avg:	-2.98	-2.87	-2.60	-2.15	-1.10	-1.21

4.2. Freedom of Thought

#europe #freedom_of_belief #freethought #human_rights #netherlands #religion #religious_tolerance #secularism #the_enlightenment

Freedom of Thought Lower is better9
Pos.		20219
1=	Belgium	1.0
1=	Taiwan	1.0
1=	Netherlands	1.0
	...
155=	Sri Lanka	3.8
155=	Russia	3.8
155=	Belarus	3.8
155=	Israel	3.8
155=	Palestine	3.8
155=	Oman	3.8
161=	Azerbaijan	4.0
161=	Algeria	4.0
	Asia Avg	3.7
	World Avg	3.0
q=196.

Israel comes 149th in the world when it comes to freethought.

Freedom of Religion and Freedom of Belief are upheld in Article 18 the United Nation's Universal Declaration of Human Rights₂₆. It affirms that it is a basic human right that all people are free to change their beliefs and religion as they wish₂₇. No countries voted against this (although eight abstained). This right was first recognized clearly in the policies of religious toleration of the Netherlands and elsewhere in Europe in the post-enlightenment era₂₈ of the 19th century. In democratic countries, freedom of belief and religion is now taken for granted₂₉. In 2016 a study found that over 180 countries in the world had come to guarantee freedom of religion and belief₃₀. The best countries at doing so are Belgium, The Netherlands and Taiwan_9,31 and the worst: Afghanistan, N. Korea, Pakistan and Saudi Arabia_9,32.

Long-term studies have shown that religious violence and persecution both decrease in cultures where religious freedom is guaranteed₃₃. Despite this, there still are many who are strongly against freedom of belief₂₇, including entire cultures and many individual communities of religious believers. Their alternative is that you are not free to believe what you want and they often state that you cannot change religion without being punished (often including the death penalty): this is bemoaned as one of the most dangerous elements of religion₃₄ and "the denial of religious freedoms is inevitably intertwined with the denial of other freedoms"₃₅ and the solution is, everywhere, to allow religious freedom and the freedom of belief.

For more, see:

• "Freethought - Freedom of Belief and Freedom of Religion" by Vexen Crabtree (2022).

5. Freedom of Belief and Religion

#israel #judaism #religion_in_israel

Israel upholds the human rights of freedom of belief and freedom of religion, however, "governmental and legal discrimination" exists against those who do not belong to orthodox Judaism, "for example practicing Jews who are not Orthodox must leave the country to marry"₁₁. Israel's blasphemy law (Article 173) is too vague and wide-ranging₁₁.

The International Humanist and Ethical Union produced a report in 2012 entitled "Freedom of Thought" (2012)₁₁, in which they document bias and prejudice at the national level that is based on religion, belief and/or lack of belief. Their entry for Israel states:

“While there is no formal constitution, Israel's Supreme Court has repeatedly held that the Basic Law on Human Dignity and Liberty protects freedom of religion or belief. The Basic Law describes the country as a "Jewish and democratic state" and references the Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel, which promises religious freedom and full social and political equality, regardless of religious affiliation. However, governmental and legal discrimination against non-Jews, and non-Orthodox streams of Judaism including Secular Humanistic Judaism, continued. As a "Jewish State" some laws and policies promote certain Orthodox Jewish values over those of other religious beliefs.

Each officially recognized religious community has legal authority over its members in matters of marriage, divorce, and burial, limiting the freedom of many individuals who may not otherwise subject themselves to the authority of those religious communities. Orthodox control of Jewish family law continues to create problems for non-Orthodox Jewish families; for example practicing Jews who are not Orthodox must leave the country to marry. The government does not allow civil marriages, such as secular ceremonies performed by state or municipal authorities, or marriages performed by non-Orthodox rabbis. Secular marriages, non-Orthodox marriages of Jews, or interfaith marriages must take place abroad to be recognized by the government. As a result, several hundred thousand citizens cannot marry within their own country due to either a lack of eligibility or their desire to wed outside of the rabbinic system. In 2010, a bill was passed that allows a limited right to an alternative form of civil marriage ("couplehood union" status) for Israelis who declare a non-religious status.

The religious freedom Article 173 of the country's penal code allows for one year imprisonment if "One publishes a publication that is liable to crudely offend the religious faith or sentiment of others," or if "One voices in a public place and in the hearing of another person any word or sound that is liable to crudely offend the religious faith or sentiment of others."”

"Freedom of Thought" by IHEU (2012)₁₁