Human Rights and Freedom in Oman

Oman Sultanate of Oman [Country Profile Page]
Status	Independent State
Social and Moral Index	115th best
Location	Asia, The Middle East
Population	4.8m1
Life Expectancy	72.54yrs (2017)2

Oman is amongst the worst places in the world at ensuring human rights and freedom, and it has severe cultural issues when it comes to tolerance and equality. Oman does better than average in opposing gender inequality₃. However Oman performs less well in most areas. It does worse than average for commentary in Human Rights Watch reports₄, combatting modern slavery₅, supporting personal, civil & economic freedoms₆, supporting press freedom₇, its average Freedom in the World rating, freethought₈, LGBT equality₉ and in its nominal commitment to Human Rights₁₀. And finally, it sits amongst the bottom 20 in terms of its success in fighting anti-semitic prejudice₁₁. Free speech is routinely denied, even on independent social media platforms where saying that that displeases the government can result in arrests and detainment₁₂. Migrant workers, especially, are often abused and are poorly protected₁₂.

1. Oman's Human Rights, Equality & Tolerance
2. Human Rights & Tolerance Datasets
   1. Press Freedom
   2. Slavery in the 2020s
   3. Personal, Civil & Economic Freedom
   4. Freedom in the World
   5. Human Rights Watch Comments
   6. Nominal Commitment to HR
   7. HR Treaties Lag
3. Gender Equality Datasets
   1. Gender Inequality
   2. Year Women Can Vote
4. Prejudice Datasets
   1. Anti-Semite Opinions
   2. LGBT Equality
   3. Freedom of Thought
5. Links

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1. Oman's Human Rights, Equality & Tolerance

#equality #freedom #gender_equality #human_rights #morals #oman #politics #prejudice #tolerance

Compared to Asia (2025)13
Pos.		Lower is better Avg Rank13
1	Japan	34.7
2	Taiwan	42.4
3	Cyprus	43.8
	...
34	Bahrain	117.2
35	Qatar	119.7
36	Cambodia	120.5
37	Oman	122.3
38	UAE	122.9
39	Uzbekistan	125.1
40	Laos	127.8
41	Brunei	134.5
42	Yemen	134.6
	Asia Avg	103.00
q=52.

Human Rights, Equality & Tolerance (2025)13
Pos.		Lower is better Avg Rank13
1	Sweden	5.9
2	Norway	8.0
3	Denmark	8.1
	...
162	Guinea-Bissau	119.7
163	Cambodia	120.5
164	Cuba	122.3
165	Oman	122.3
166	UAE	122.9
167	Uzbekistan	125.1
168	Congo, (Brazzaville)	125.8
169	Central African Rep.	126.3
	World Avg	86.35
q=198.

The best countries in the world at ensuring human rights, fostering equality and promoting tolerance, are Sweden, Norway and Denmark₁₄. These countries are displaying the best traits that humanity has to offer. The worst countries are N. Korea, Somalia and Eritrea₁₄.

25 datasets are used to calculate points for each country, including multiple decades of data on supporting press freedom, combatting modern slavery, supporting personal, civil & economic freedoms, its average Freedom in the World rating, commentary in Human Rights Watch reports, its nominal commitment to Human Rights, speed of uptake of HR treaties, opposing gender inequality, the rate of gender bias (from 7 indicators), the year from which women could participate in democracy, its success in fighting anti-semitic prejudice, LGBT equality and freethought. The regions with the best average results per country are Scandinavia, Baltic States and Europe₁₄, whereas the worst are The Middle East, Africa and Asia₁₄.

For more, see:

• " Which are the Best Countries for Human Rights, Equality and Tolerance?" by Vexen Crabtree (2025).

Amnesty International's 2023-23 summary on human rights in Oman stated:

“Authorities continued to detain and prosecute people who expressed views critical of the government’s actions and decisions or religious beliefs deemed to be outside official Islamic practices. Migrant workers continued to face exploitation, forced labour and harsh working conditions. Women continued to face discrimination in law and practice, in the domestic and professional spheres.”

"The State of the World's Human Rights 2022/23" by Amnesty International (2023)₁₅

“Omani authorities continued in 2017 to harass activists and restrict publications by local independent magazines and newspapers critical of the government, violating international standards of freedom of expression. [...] Authorities, particularly from the Internal Security Service (ISS), continued to target pro-reform activists.”

"World Report 2018" by Human Rights Watch (2018)₁₂

2. Human Rights & Tolerance Datasets

2.1. Press Freedom

#democracy #freedom #Freedom_of_Speech #Good_Governance #mass_media #oman #politics #UK

Press Freedom Higher is better7
Pos.		20257
1	Norway	92.31
2	Estonia	89.46
3	Netherlands	88.64
	...
130	Cameroon	42.75
131	Lebanon	42.62
132	Congo, DR	42.31
133	Oman	42.29
134	El Salvador	41.19
135	Somalia	40.49
136	Libya	40.42
137	Guatemala	40.32
	Asia Avg	39.69
	World Avg	54.65
q=179.

Regarding supporting press freedom, Oman is 133rd in the world.

The freedom to investigate, publish information, and have access to others' opinion is a fundamental part of today's information-driven world, and is linked with Freedom of Speech and Good Governance. Scores on the Press Freedom Index are calculated according to indicators including pluralism - the degree to which opinions are represented in the media, media independence of authorities, self-censorship, legislation, transparency and the infrastructure that supports news and information, and, the level of violence against journalists which includes lengths of imprisonments. The index "does not take direct account of the kind of political system but it is clear that democracies provide better protection for the freedom to produce and circulate accurate news and information than countries where human rights are flouted". The rankings are used as one of the datasets of the Social and Moral Development Index₁₆

It must be noted that press freedom is not an indicator of press quality and the press itself can be abusive; the UK suffers in particular from a popular brand of nasty reporting that infuses several of its newspapers who are particularly prone to running destructive and often untrue campaigns against victims. The Press Freedom Index notes that "the index should in no way be taken as an indicator of the quality of the media in the countries concerned".

For more, see:

• "Human Rights" by Vexen Crabtree (2019).

Freedom of speech does not exist in Oman. Publications that are critical (even indirectly) of the government find themselves harassed, and some of them have been shut down completely (i.e. the Azamn newspaper). Those who call for reform, point out corruption, or defend human rights, can face harassment from the government.₁₂.

Averages by decade for Oman (for the ranks, lower is better):

Press Freedom	2000s  Average	2010s  Average
Oman:	39.97	59.41
World Rank:	133rd	⇡  129th
World Avg:	27.44	65.91

2.2. Slavery in the 2020s

#burundi #eritrea #human_rights #indonesia #slavery

Slavery in the 2020s Lower is better5
Pos.		Total Per 10005
1=	Switzerland	0.50
1=	Norway	0.50
3=	Germany	0.60
	...
92=	Paraguay	6.40
93=	Sri Lanka	6.50
93=	Gambia	6.50
93=	Oman	6.50
96=	Hungary	6.60
96=	Mexico	6.60
96=	Dominican Rep.	6.60
99=	Bahrain	6.70
	Asia Avg	9.89
	World Avg	7.15
q=160.

Regarding combatting modern slavery, Oman ranks 93rd in the world.

Modern slavery includes forced labour (often of the under-age), debt bondage (especially generational), sexual slavery, chattel slavery and other forms of abuse, some of which can be surprisingly difficult to detect, but often target those fleeing from warzones, and poverty-stricken vulnerable.₁₇. Some industries (diamond, clothing, coal) from some countries (Burundi₁₈, Eritrea₁₈, Indonesia₁₉) are a particular concern. The Walk Free Foundation, say in their 2023 report that 50 million people are living in modern slavery₁₈.

For more, see:

• "The Historical Slave Trade and Modern Slavery" by Vexen Crabtree (2018).

“Migrant workers remained vulnerable to exploitation and abuse, due in part tothe kafala (visa sponsorship) system. [...] Human Rights Watch documented abuse and exploitation of domestic workers, including employers frequently confiscating workers´ passports despite a legal prohibition; not paying workers their salaries, in full or at all; forcing them to work excessively long hours without breaks or days off; and denying them adequate food and living conditions. In some cases, workers reported physical and sexual abuse.

Migrant domestic workers who fled abusive employers reported facing “absconding” charges that can lead to fines, imprisonment and deportation, trumped-up criminal charges by employers to force them to drop their cases, and lengthy delays when pursuing cases against employers. Workers reported that police at times returned them to their employers despite complaints of abuse, and Ministry of Manpower officials sided with employers during dispute-resolution processes despite workers´ complaints of severe abuse.”

"World Report 2018" by Human Rights Watch (2018)₁₂

Averages by decade for Oman (for the ranks, lower is better):

Slavery	2010s  Average	2020s  Average
Oman:	2.10	6.50
World Rank:	35th	⇣  93rd
World Avg:	6.54	7.15

2.3. Personal, Civil & Economic Freedom

#freedom #politics

Personal, Civil & Economic Freedom Lower is better6
Pos.		2014 Rank6
1	Hong Kong	1
2	Switzerland	2
3	New Zealand	3
	...
117	Qatar	117
118=	UAE	118
118=	Guinea-Bissau	118
120=	Oman	120
120=	Timor-Leste (E. Timor)	120
122	Burundi	122
123	Tunisia	123
124	Mali	124
	Asia Avg	94.6
	World Avg	79.7
q=159.

Oman is positioned 120th in the world regarding supporting personal, civil & economic freedoms.

The Human Freedom Index published by the Fraser Institute is...

“... a broad measure of human freedom, understood as the absence of coercive constraint. It uses 79 distinct indicators of personal and economic freedom in the following areas: Rule of Law, Security and Safety, Movement, Religion, Association, Assembly, and Civil Society, Expression, Relationships, Size of Government, Legal System and Property Rights, Access to Sound Money, Freedom to Trade Internationally, Regulation of Credit, Labor, and Business. [...]

The highest levels of freedom are in Western Europe, Northern Europe, and North America (Canada and the United States. The lowest levels are in the Middle East and North Africa, South Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa. [...]

Countries in the top quartile of freedom enjoy a significant higher per capita income ($37,147) [compared with] the least-free quartile [at] $8,700). The HFI finds a strong correlation between human freedom and democracy.”

"The Human Freedom Index" by The Fraser Institute (2016)₂₀

For more, see:

• "Human Rights" by Vexen Crabtree (2019).

2.4. Freedom in the World

#freedom #human_rights #hungary #politics #USA

Freedom in the World Lower is better
Pos.		2024 Score
1=	Norway	1.0
1=	Canada	1.0
1=	Cape Verde	1.0
	...
150=	Iraq	5.5
150=	Northern Cyprus	5.5
150=	Puerto Rico	5.5
150=	Oman	5.5
150=	S. Ossetia	5.5
150=	Hong Kong	5.5
150=	Guinea	5.5
150=	Haiti	5.5
	Asia Avg	5.0
	World Avg	3.7
q=205.

In terms of its average Freedom in the World rating, Oman comes 137th in the world.

Freedom House's long-standing annual report has been running since the 1970s, collecting data on political rights (PR) and civil liberties (CL). Their reports rate countries as "Free", "Partially Free" or "Not Free", however the results here are based on their numerical values. Many countries score the best combination of scores (1 and 1), which is why the table of results show many places equally placed in 1st place. In the past two decades, some well-established democracies like the USA and Hungary have been falling. Whilst most of the world in general is improving rights and freedoms over time, the 2020s has seen some regression.

For more, see:

• " Which are the Best Countries for Human Rights, Equality and Tolerance?" by Vexen Crabtree (2025).

Averages by decade for Oman (for the ranks, lower is better):

Freedom in the World	1970s  Average	1980s  Average	1990s  Average	2000s  Average	2010s  Average
Oman:	6.3	6.0	6.0	5.5	5.5
World Rank:	133rd	⇡  122nd	⇣  169th	⇡  162nd	⇡  156th
World Avg:	4.3	4.2	3.6	3.4	3.4

2.5. Human Rights Watch Comments

#human_rights

Human Rights Watch Comments Higher is better4
Pos.		2017 Score4
1=	UK	9
1=	France	9
1=	Germany	9
	...
83=	Zimbabwe	-5
83=	Bahrain	-5
83=	Venezuela	-5
83=	Oman	-5
83=	Tajikistan	-5
83=	Lebanon	-5
83=	Mali	-5
83=	Israel	-5
	Asia Avg	-5.0
	World Avg	-1.9
q=123.

When it comes to commentary in Human Rights Watch reports, Oman is 78th in the world.

Human Rights Watch comments concentrate mostly on negative issues, however, they also make positive comments for those countries that engage in human rights defence around the world, or who make improvements at home. By adding up positive and negative comments (including double-points for negatives that involve large scales and crimes against humanity), the Social and Moral Index turns HRW commentary into quantified values. Some countries may be unfairly penalized because HRW have not examined them, and, some countries "get away" with abuses if they manage to hide it, or if it goes unnoticed - a negative point has been given for those countries in which HRW specifically state that access to investigators has been barred. The points were limited to a minimum of -10 because there are some points at which things are so bad, with abuses affecting so many, it is difficult to be more specific about the depths of the issues.

For more, see:

• "Human Rights" by Vexen Crabtree (2019).

2.6. Nominal Commitment to HR

#human_rights

Nominal Commitment to HR Higher is better10
Pos.		2009 Treaties10
1	Argentina	24
2=	Chile	23
2=	Costa Rica	23
	...
164=	Iraq	9
164=	Samoa	9
164=	Papua New Guinea	9
164=	Oman	9
164=	Iran	9
164=	St Kitts & Nevis	9
164=	Comoros	9
164=	Cook Islands	9
	Asia Avg	12.7
	World Avg	15.1
q=194.

Oman is 164th in the world regarding its nominal commitment to Human Rights.

There are many international agreements on human rights, and, many mechanisms by which countries can be brought to account for their actions. Together, these have been the biggest historical movement in the fight against oppression and inhumanity. Or, putting it another way: these are rejected mostly by those who wish to oppress inhumanely. None of them are perfect and many people object to various components and wordings, but, no-one has come up with, and enforced, better methods of controlling the occasional desires that states and peoples have of causing angst for other states and peoples in a violent, unjust or inhumane way. Points are awarded for the number of human rights agreements ratified by the country, plus the acceptance of the petition mechanisms for disputes. The maximum possible score in 2009 was 24.

For more, see:

• "Human Rights" by Vexen Crabtree (2019).

2.7. HR Treaties Lag

#human_rights #international_law #micronesia #politics #small_islands

HR Treaties Lag Lower is better21
Pos.		2019 Avg Yrs/Treaty21
1	Ecuador	2.15
2	Uruguay	2.25
3	Tunisia	3.65
	...
157	Guinea-Bissau	13.23
158	Liechtenstein	13.28
159	Ireland	13.38
160	Oman	13.46
161	Uzbekistan	13.53
162	Mauritania	13.56
163	Liberia	13.61
164	San Marino	13.63
	Asia Avg	10.97
	World Avg	10.02
q=195.

Oman is positioned 160th in the world regarding speed of uptake of HR treaties.

Human Rights (HR) Treaties Lag is a count of how long it took each country to sign each of 11 key HR treaties. From the date of the first signatory of each treaty, all other countries have one point added to their score for each day they delayed in signing. Results are presented as average time in years to sign each one. The lower a country's score, the more enthusiastically it has taken on international Human Rights Treaties - which are, of course, minimal standards of good governance. The slowest are the countries of Micronesia, Melanesia, Australasia and Polynesia all lagged by over 12 years per treaty. The best regions are The Americas, Scandinavia and the Mediterranean.

For more, see:

• " Which are the Best Countries for Human Rights, Equality and Tolerance?" by Vexen Crabtree (2025).

3. Gender Equality Datasets

Oman is on the way towards ending gender inequality but women are still in an unfavourable position much of the time.

“Oman´s kafala (sponsorship) immigrant labor system and lack of labor law protections leaves the country´s more than 160,000 female migrant domestic workers exposed to abuse and exploitation by employers, whose consent they need to change jobs. Those who flee abuse–including beatings, sexual abuse, unpaid wages, and excessive working hours–have few avenues for redress and can face legal penalties for “absconding.” [...]

Article 17 of the Basic Law states that all citizens are equal and bans gender based discrimination. In practice, however, women continue to face discrimination. The Personal Status Law discriminates against women on matters such as divorce, inheritance, child custody, and legal guardianship. For instance, women can lose child custody if they re-marry, and men continue to hold guardianship of the child regardless of whether they have custody. Oman has no laws prohibiting domestic violence and marital rape.”

"World Report 2018" by Human Rights Watch (2018)₁₂

See:

• "Religion Versus Womankind" by Vexen Crabtree (2007)

3.1. Gender Inequality

#gender #gender_equality #human_rights #misogyny #women

Gender Inequality Lower is better3
Pos.		20223
1	Denmark	0.01
2	Norway	0.01
3	Switzerland	0.02
	...
60	Uruguay	0.24
61	Uzbekistan	0.24
62	Cyprus	0.25
63	Oman	0.27
64	Trinidad & Tobago	0.27
65	Libya	0.27
66	Turkey	0.27
67	Tajikistan	0.28
	Asia Avg	0.33
	World Avg	0.34
q=166.

Oman comes 63rd in the world with regard to opposing gender inequality.

The UN Human Development Reports include statistics on gender equality which take into account things like maternal mortality, access to political power (seats in parliament) and differences between male and female education rates. Gender inequality is not a necessary part of early human development. Although a separation of roles is almost universal due to different strengths between the genders, this does not have to mean that women are subdued, and, such patriarchalism is not universal in ancient history. Those cultures and peoples who shed, or never developed, the idea that mankind ought to dominate womankind, are better cultures and peoples than those who, even today, cling violently to those mores.

For more, see:

• "Gender Equality" by Vexen Crabtree (2023).

Averages by decade for Oman (for the ranks, lower is better):

Gender Inequality	2000s  Average	2010s  Average
Oman:	0.35	0.31
World Rank:	56th	⇣  64th
World Avg:	0.41	0.37

3.2. Year Women Can Vote

#christianity #gender_equality #human_rights #politics #women

Year Women Can Vote Lower is better
Pos.		Total Year
1	New Zealand	1893
2	Australia	1902
3	Finland	1906
	...
182	Samoa	1990
183	Kazakhstan	1993
184=	Moldova	1994
184=	Oman	1994
186	Qatar	2003
187	Kuwait	2005
188	Saudi Arabia	0
189	Vatican City	0
	Asia Avg	1907
	World Avg	1930
q=189.

In terms of the year from which women could participate in democracy, Oman is positioned 4th-worst in the world.

Women now have equal rights in the vast majority of countries across the world. Although academic literature oftens talks of when a country "grants women the right to vote", this enforces a backwards way of thinking. Women always had the right to vote, however, they were frequently denied that right. The opposition to women's ability to vote in equality with man was most consistently and powerfully opposed by the Catholic Church, other Christian organisations, Islamic authorities and some other religious and secular traditionalists.

For more, see:

• "Gender Equality" by Vexen Crabtree (2023).

4. Prejudice Datasets

4.1. Anti-Semite Opinions

#antisemitism #christianity #germany #indonesia #jordan #judaism #laos #morocco #netherlands #pakistan #philippines #religion #religious_violence #saudi_arabia #spain #sweden #turkey #UK #vietnam

Anti-Semite Opinions Lower is better11
Pos.		2014 %11
1	Laos	0
2	Philippines	3
3	Sweden	4
	...
86=	Greece	69
87	Saudi Arabia	74
88	Egypt	75
89	Oman	76
90	Lebanon	78
91=	Morocco	80
91=	Qatar	80
91=	UAE	80
	Asia Avg	48.2
	World Avg	36.8
q=101.

Oman is positioned 13th-worst in the world when it comes to its success in fighting anti-semitic prejudice.

Anti-Semitism is the word given to irrational racism against Jews. It's not the same as anti-Judaism (arguments against the religion) nor the same as anti-Zionism (arguments against Israel). In history, influential Christian theologians concocted the arguments against Jews that led, very early on, to widespread Christian action against Jews_22,23,24,25. As Christianity rose to power in the West and presided over the Dark Ages, there were repeated violent outbursts against Jews of the most horrible kind. Entire Crusades were aimed at them and the feared Spanish Inquisition paid Jews particular attention. The horror of the holocaust instigated by German Nazis in the 1940s was followed (finally) by the era of European human rights and a movement against racism in general.

The places that are the least anti-Semitical are a few countries of south-east Asia (Laos, the Philippines and Vietnam) and some of the secular liberal democracies of Europe (Sweden, the Netherlands and the UK). The worst countries for antisemitism are Islamic states of the Middle East₂₆, which are undergoing their own Dark Age. Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Morocco, Indonesia, Pakistan and Turkey see the most oppressive and violent actions towards Jews_27,28. Jews in Muslim countries face a host of restrictions and "ceaseless humiliation and regular pogroms"₂₉. In 2004 the European Union Monitoring Center on Racism and Xenophobia reported on violent anti-Jew crimes in the EU and found that that largest group of perpetrators were young Muslim males₃₀.

For more, see:

• "Anti-Semitism" by Vexen Crabtree (2017).

4.2. LGBT Equality

#equality #homosexuality #human_rights #ICCPR #intolerance #oman #sexuality #tolerance

Oman artificially denies same-sex partners and simultaneously makes sexual relations outside of marriage illegal and "Oman´s penal code provides for six months to three years in prison for consensual sex between two people of the same sex"₁₂.

LGBT Equality Higher is better9
Pos.		2017 Score9
1	Netherlands	103
2	Belgium	90
3	Sweden	86
	...
161=	Nigeria	-22
161=	Malawi	-22
161=	Uganda	-22
161=	Oman	-22
161=	Yemen	-22
166=	Turkmenistan	-24
166=	Lebanon	-24
166=	Zimbabwe	-24
	Asia Avg	-02.1
	World Avg	12.6
q=196.

Oman ranks 161st in the world when it comes to LGBT equality.

Discrimination against Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender (LGBT) folk is rife across the world. Legal restrictions co-exist alongside social stigmatisation and physical violence₃₁. LGBT tolerance and equal rights have been fought for country-by-country across the world, often against tightly entrenched cultural and religious opposition. Adult consensual sexual activity is a Human Right, protected by privacy laws₃₂. Despite this, homosexual activity is outlawed in around 80 countries₃₁. The Social & Moral LGBT Equality Index was created to compare countries and regions, granting points to each country for a variety of factors including how long gay sex has been criminalized and the extent of LGBT legal rights. Graded negative points are given for criminality of homosexuality, unequal ages of consent, legal punishments and for not signing international accords on LGBT tolerance. The signs in many developed countries are positive, and things are gradually improving. Europe is by far the least prejudiced region (Scandinavia in particular being exemplary). The Middle East and then Africa are the least morally developed, where cultural bias goes hand-in-hand with state intolerance, all too often including physical violence.

For more, see:

• "LGBT Rights Across the World: Which are the Best and Worst Countries?" by Vexen Crabtree (2017).

4.3. Freedom of Thought

#europe #freedom_of_belief #freethought #human_rights #netherlands #religion #religious_tolerance #secularism #the_enlightenment

Freedom of Thought Lower is better8
Pos.		20218
1=	Belgium	1.0
1=	Taiwan	1.0
1=	Netherlands	1.0
	...
157=	Belarus	3.8
157=	Israel	3.8
157=	Palestine	3.8
157=	Oman	3.8
161=	Azerbaijan	4.0
161=	Algeria	4.0
161=	Vietnam	4.0
161=	Tunisia	4.0
	Asia Avg	3.7
	World Avg	3.0
q=196.

Oman ranks 149th in the world when it comes to freethought.

Freedom of Religion and Freedom of Belief are upheld in Article 18 the United Nation's Universal Declaration of Human Rights₃₃. It affirms that it is a basic human right that all people are free to change their beliefs and religion as they wish₃₄. No countries voted against this (although eight abstained). This right was first recognized clearly in the policies of religious toleration of the Netherlands and elsewhere in Europe in the post-enlightenment era₃₅ of the 19th century. In democratic countries, freedom of belief and religion is now taken for granted₃₆. In 2016 a study found that over 180 countries in the world had come to guarantee freedom of religion and belief₃₇. The best countries at doing so are Belgium, The Netherlands and Taiwan_8,38 and the worst: Afghanistan, N. Korea, Pakistan and Saudi Arabia_8,39.

Long-term studies have shown that religious violence and persecution both decrease in cultures where religious freedom is guaranteed₄₀. Despite this, there still are many who are strongly against freedom of belief₃₄, including entire cultures and many individual communities of religious believers. Their alternative is that you are not free to believe what you want and they often state that you cannot change religion without being punished (often including the death penalty): this is bemoaned as one of the most dangerous elements of religion₄₁ and "the denial of religious freedoms is inevitably intertwined with the denial of other freedoms"₄₂ and the solution is, everywhere, to allow religious freedom and the freedom of belief.

For more, see:

• "Freethought - Freedom of Belief and Freedom of Religion" by Vexen Crabtree (2022).