Which are the Best Countries in Africa?

Social & Moral Development Index Higher is better Points1
1	Mauritius	62.2
2	Seychelles	59.6
3	S. Africa	56.3
4	Libya	53.8
5	Cape Verde	52.8
6	Tunisia	52.7
7	Morocco	50.9
8	Kenya	50.7
9	Botswana	49.6
10	Ghana	49.4
	Africa Avg	44.7
	World Avg	54.5
q=54.

There are 61 locations that fall within this category. By adding up all the known populations that fall within these locations, and summing their physical land areas, we can calculate population densities. Some islands and territories can end up being counted twice depending on how they are classified and divided up politically, but, mostly such errors involve only small populations. So, some data on this collection of countries in total:

• Total Population: 1.1b
• Total Land Area: 29 378 401km²
• Independent States: 54
• Other Territories: 7

1. Social and Moral Development Index and Basic Demographics
2. Human Rights and Moral Development
3. Religion and Beliefs
4. The Rise of Christianity in Africa
5. Links

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1. Social and Moral Development Index and Basic Demographics

The Social and Moral Development Index concentrates on moral issues and human rights, violence, public health, equality, tolerance, freedom and effectiveness in climate change mitigation and environmentalism, and on some technological issues. A country scores higher for achieving well in those areas, and for sustaining that achievement in the long term. Those countries towards the top of this index can truly said to be setting good examples and leading humankind onwards into a bright, humane, and free future. See: What is the Best Country in the World? An Index of Morality, Conscience and Good Life.

		Social & Moral Higher is better Points1	Life Expectancy (2015) Higher is better Years2	Gross National Income (2011) Higher is better PPP $2	UN HDI (2016) Lower is better Rank3	Population (2012)4	Land Area (2011) km25	People Per km2 Lower is better
1	Mauritius	62.2	74.60	$17 948	64	1.3m	2 030	647
2	Seychelles	59.6	73.30	$23 886	63	87 169	460	189
3	S. Africa	56.3	57.66	$12 087	119	50.7m	1 213 090	42
4	Libya	53.8	71.76	$14 303	102	6.5m	1 759 540	4
5	Cape Verde	52.8	73.54	$6 049	122	0.5m	4 030	125
6	Tunisia	52.7	74.98	$10 249	97	10.7m	155 360	69
7	Morocco	50.9	74.31	$7 195	123	32.6m	446 300	73
8	Kenya	50.7	62.16	$2 881	146	42.7m	569 140	75
9	Botswana	49.6	64.51	$14 663	108	2.1m	566 730	4
10	Ghana	49.4	61.53	$3 839	139	25.5m	227 540	112
11	Comoros	49.0	63.57	$1 335	160	0.8m	1 861	416
12	Namibia	48.4	65.06	$9 770	125	2.4m	823 290	3
13	Madagascar	48.3	65.52	$1 320	158	21.9m	581 540	38
14	Liberia	48.1	61.19	$0 683	177	4.2m	96 320	44
15	Algeria	48.1	75.03	$13 533	83	36.5m	2 381 740	15
16	Rwanda	47.7	64.75	$1 617	159	11.3m	24 670	457
17	Djibouti	47.5	62.30	$3 216	172	0.9m	23 180	40
18	Senegal	47.2	66.93	$2 250	162	13.1m	192 530	68
19	Sao Tome & Principe	47.2	66.58	$3 070	142	0.2m	960	179
20	S. Sudan	47.1	56.13	$1 882	181	10.7m
21	Egypt	47.1	71.33	$10 064	111	84.0m	995 450	84
22	Lesotho	47.1	50.08	$3 319	160	2.2m	30 360	73
23	Swaziland	46.9	48.94	$7 522	148	1.2m	17 200	71
24	Eritrea	46.4	64.19	$1 490	179	5.6m	101 000	55
25	Burkina Faso	46.2	59.01	$1 537	185	17.5m	273 600	64
26	Tanzania	45.3	65.51	$2 467	151	47.7m	885 800	54
27	Malawi	44.9	63.88	$1 073	170	15.9m	94 280	168
28	Uganda	44.8	59.21	$1 670	163	35.6m	199 810	178
29	Benin	44.2	59.76	$1 979	167	9.4m	112 760	83
30	Guinea-Bissau	44.0	55.49	$1 369	178	1.6m	28 120	56
31	Mozambique	43.9	55.48	$1 098	181	24.5m	786 380	31
32	Guinea	43.9	59.22	$1 058	183	10.5m	245 720	43
33	Zambia	42.8	60.82	$3 464	139	13.9m	743 390	19
34	Ethiopia	42.7	64.60	$1 523	174	86.5m	1 000 000	87
35	Cameroon	42.7	55.96	$2 894	153	20.5m	472 710	43
36	Gabon	42.4	64.94	$19 044	109	1.6m	257 670	6
37	Gambia	42.2	60.46	$1 541	173	1.8m	10 120	180
38	Zimbabwe	41.9	59.20	$1 588	154	13.0m	386 850	34
39	Ivory Coast	41.8	51.89	$3 163	171	20.6m	318 000	65
40	Congo, (Brazzaville)	41.5	62.89	$5 503	135	4.2m	341 500	12
41	Togo	40.9	60.18	$1 262	166	6.3m	54 390	116
42	Sierra Leone	40.3	51.32	$1 529	179	6.1m	71 620	86
43	Burundi	39.8	57.12	$0 691	184	8.7m	25 680	341
44	Mali	39.4	58.47	$2 218	175	16.3m	1 220 190	13
45	Mauritania	39.2	63.24	$3 527	157	3.6m	1 030 700	4
46	Nigeria	38.8	53.06	$5 443	152	166.6m	910 770	183
47	Angola	38.0	52.70	$6 291	150	20.2m	1 246 700	16
48	Niger	35.9	61.94	$0 889	187	16.6m	1 266 700	13
49	Equatorial Guinea	35.2	57.91	$21 517	135	0.7m	28 050	26
50	Sudan	35.2	63.73	$3 846	165	35.0m	2 376 000	15
51	Central African Rep.	35.0	51.46	$0 587	188	4.6m	622 980	7
52	Congo, DR	33.8	59.06	$0 680	176	69.6m	2 267 050	31
53	Somalia	33.1	55.71	$0 294		9.8m	627 340	16
54	Chad	32.4	51.90	$1 991	186	11.8m	1 259 200	9
	Africa Avg	44.7	61.59	$5 109	150.7	19.8m	554 309	36
	World Avg	54.5	71.27	$17 240	94.3	36.0m	620 450	58
q=54.

Not showing due to lack of data: Somaliland. This page only shows places where the database has enough data to be able to come to reasonable conclusions about each place. The main focus is on nation states, but, some distinct external territories may be listed if the database has enough information about them. Averages are calculated from as many valid data points as possible, meaning, that some territories and locations that are not listed above may still be used to calculate some of the average values. Some calculations only use Independent State data - hover the cursor over values to see hints.

Links:

• Compare to other regions of the world
• What is the Best Country in the World? An Index of Morality, Conscience and Good Life
• The Overpopulation of the Earth
• Homosexuality in Animals and Humans

2. Human Rights and Moral Development

		Social & Moral Higher is better Points1	Gender Inequality (2015) Lower is better6	Nominal Commitment to HR (2009) Higher is better Treaties7	Press Freedom (2013) Lower is better8	LGBT Equality (2013) Higher is better Score9
1	Mauritius	62.2	0.38	14	2647	-40
2	Seychelles	59.6		16	2919	-130
3	S. Africa	56.3	0.39	20	2456	241
4	Libya	53.8	0.17	15	3786	-70
5	Cape Verde	52.8		15	1433	20
6	Tunisia	52.7	0.29	18	3993	-50
7	Morocco	50.9	0.49	17	3904	-50
8	Kenya	50.7	0.56	14	2780	-160
9	Botswana	49.6	0.44	14	2291	-50
10	Ghana	49.4	0.55	16	1727	-30
11	Comoros	49.0		9	2452	-70
12	Namibia	48.4	0.47	20	1250	-10
13	Madagascar	48.3		14	2862	10
14	Liberia	48.1	0.65	15	2989	-10
15	Algeria	48.1	0.43	18	3654	-40
16	Rwanda	47.7	0.38	19	5546	15
17	Djibouti	47.5		13	6740	-20
18	Senegal	47.2	0.52	21	2619	-70
19	Sao Tome & Principe	47.2	0.52	7		10
20	S. Sudan	47.1			3620	-100
21	Egypt	47.1	0.57	16	4866	-20
22	Lesotho	47.1	0.55	19	2836	-10
23	Swaziland	46.9	0.57	11	4676	-30
24	Eritrea	46.4		8	8483	-50
25	Burkina Faso	46.2	0.62	20	2370	10
26	Tanzania	45.3	0.54	15	2734	-220
27	Malawi	44.9	0.61	13	2818	-220
28	Uganda	44.8	0.52	19	3169	-220
29	Benin	44.2	0.61	16	2833	-50
30	Guinea-Bissau	44.0		8	2894	-15
31	Mozambique	43.9	0.57	15	2801	20
32	Guinea	43.9		17	2849	-20
33	Zambia	42.8	0.53	13	2793	-140
34	Ethiopia	42.7	0.50	12	3957	-30
35	Cameroon	42.7	0.57	14	3478	-70
36	Gabon	42.4	0.54	16	2869	20
37	Gambia	42.2	0.64	13	4509	-160
38	Zimbabwe	41.9	0.54	11	3812	-30
39	Ivory Coast	41.8	0.67	13	2977	-10
40	Congo, (Brazzaville)	41.5	0.59	13	2820	10
41	Togo	40.9	0.56	16	2845	-50
42	Sierra Leone	40.3	0.65	15	2635	-195
43	Burundi	39.8	0.47	16	3802	-20
44	Mali	39.4	0.69	21	3003	-10
45	Mauritania	39.2	0.63	13	2676	-220
46	Nigeria	38.8		16	3411	-220
47	Angola	38.0		12	3780	-10
48	Niger	35.9	0.70	18	2308	-10
49	Equatorial Guinea	35.2		13	6720	10
50	Sudan	35.2	0.57	14	7006	-520
51	Central African Rep.	35.0	0.65	12	2661	20
52	Congo, DR	33.8	0.66	16	4166	10
53	Somalia	33.1		8	7359	-30
54	Chad	32.4	0.69	15	3487	0
	Africa Avg	44.7	0.54	14.8	3511	-57.9
	World Avg	54.5	0.36	15.1	3249	-07.3
q=54.

Human Rights struggle in Africa, where poverty and unstable education systems prevent attempts to engender wider support for human rights. The International Criminal Court is most active in Africa.

“The ICC, which was created in 2002, is a permanent tribunal that provides individual criminal liability for genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes. [...] In 2011 the ICC dealt with situations in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (involving four cases against five individuals), the Central African Republic (one case against one individual), Uganda (one case against four individuals), the Darfur region of Sudan (four cases against six individuals, including the sitting president of the country), Kenya (one case against three individuals), Libya (one case against two individuals), and Cote D'Ivoire (one case against the former president). This is a reasonable sampling of major cases in recent years and the fact that national leaders have been charged is of considerable significance.”

"Universal Human Rights in Theory and Practice" by Jack Donnelly (2013)₁₀

It seems to some commentators that the ICC is exclusively concerned with Africa to an extent that is undue and even biased. Arguments have been made that its existence is slowing the progress of the African Union to develop continental procedures of its own. But, ultimately, the ICC only ever manages to engage with very small numbers of cases, and it seems that a local body can, and should, be developed to take on the rest.₁₁

Things are indeed changing for the better:

“In 2016 May, Hissene Habre, Chad's ex-dictator, has been convicted in a court in Senegal, found guilty of war crimes against humanity, of rape and of torture. The Economist reports this as a potential game-changer - the first time a African national court has unilaterally tried a foreign dictator, setting a precedence for African human rights law. 'Perhaps 40,000 people died in Chad during Mr Habré's reign of terror between 1982 and 1990. Armed by America (and supported with hundreds of millions of dollars in aid because of his opposition to Muammar Qadaffi's regime in Libya), his political police crushed any tribe they deemed a threat to his rule. [...] This is a landmark for African justice, and a coup for the victims who have pursued it with help from Human Rights Watch, a watchdog.”

The Economist (2016)₁₂

Such developments do have a bit of history, albeit a weak one.

“A regional human rights regime also operates in Africa, based on the 1981 African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights. It is substantively much weaker than its European and American counterparts. Nonetheless, it is of great regional symbolic significance and has provided considerable encouragement and support to national activists. The norms in the African Charter are riddled with clawback clauses that weaken the protections. For example, Article 6 states, No one may be deprived of his freedom except for reasons and conditions previously laid down by law. In other words, so long as a government bothers to pass a law first it can deprive people of their freedom for pretty much any reason it chooses. [...] The institutions for monitoring and enforcement are extremely weak. [...]

Despite all these limitations, the African Commission is a leading regional voice for human rights. Its meetings provide the occasion for valuable networking by NGOs from across the continent. Its activities have helped to socialize African states to the idea that their human rights practices are legitimately subject to regional scrutiny - a not insignificant achievement given the radical notions of sovereignty and nonintervention that dominated the continent in the 1970s and 1980s. And, whatever the current shortcoming, there is an infrastructure in place that African states can build on in the future.”

"Universal Human Rights in Theory and Practice" by Jack Donnelly (2013)₁₃

3. Religion and Beliefs

		Religiosity (2009) Lower is better %14	Disbelief In God (2007) Higher is better15	Jews (2010)16	Christians (2010)16	Muslims (2010)16	Hindus (2010)16	Buddhists (2010)16	Folk Religion	Unaffiliated
1	Algeria	95	0	0.1%	0.2%	97.9%	0.1%	0.1%	0.1%	1.8%
2	Angola		2	0.1%	90.5%	0.2%	0.1%	0.1%	4.2%	5.1%
3	Benin		0	0.1%	53.0%	23.8%	0.1%	0.1%	18.1%	5.0%
4	Botswana		0	0.1%	72.1%	0.4%	0.3%	0.1%	6.0%	20.6%
5	Burkina Faso		0	0.1%	22.5%	61.6%	0.1%	0.1%	15.4%	0.4%
6	Burundi	98	0	0.1%	91.5%	2.8%	0.1%	0.1%	5.7%	0.1%
7	Cameroon	96	0	0.1%	70.3%	18.3%	0.1%	0.1%	3.3%	5.3%
8	Cape Verde			0.1%	89.1%	0.1%	0.1%	0.1%	1.5%	9.1%
9	Central African Rep.		2	0.1%	89.5%	8.5%	0.1%	0.1%	1.0%	1.0%
10	Chad	95	0	0.1%	40.6%	55.3%	0.1%	0.1%	1.4%	2.5%
11	Comoros	97		0.1%	0.5%	98.3%	0.1%	0.1%	1.0%	0.1%
12	Congo, DR	94		0.1%	95.8%	1.5%	0.1%	0.1%	0.7%	1.8%
13	Congo, (Brazzaville)		3	0.1%	85.9%	1.2%	0.1%	0.1%	2.8%	9.0%
14	Ivory Coast	88	0	0.1%	44.1%	37.5%	0.1%	0.1%	10.2%	8.0%
15	Djibouti	98		0.2%	2.3%	96.9%	0.1%	0.1%	0.3%	0.2%
16	Egypt	97	0	0.1%	5.1%	94.9%	0.1%	0.1%	0.1%	0.1%
17	Equatorial Guinea			0.1%	88.7%	4.0%	0.1%	0.1%	1.7%	5.0%
18	Eritrea			0.1%	62.9%	36.6%	0.1%	0.1%	0.4%	0.1%
19	Ethiopia		0	0.1%	62.8%	34.6%	0.1%	0.1%	2.6%	0.1%
20	Gabon			0.1%	76.5%	11.2%	0.1%	0.1%	6.0%	5.6%
21	Gambia		0	0.1%	4.5%	95.1%	0.1%	0.1%	0.1%	0.1%
22	Ghana	95	0	0.1%	74.9%	15.8%	0.1%	0.1%	4.9%	4.2%
23	Guinea		0	0.1%	10.9%	84.4%	0.1%	0.1%	2.7%	1.8%
24	Guinea-Bissau			0.1%	19.7%	45.1%	0.1%	0.1%	30.9%	4.3%
25	Kenya	94	0	0.1%	84.8%	9.7%	0.1%	0.1%	1.7%	2.5%
26	Lesotho			0.1%	96.8%	0.1%	0.1%	0.1%	0.1%	3.1%
27	Liberia		0	0.1%	85.9%	12.0%	0.1%	0.1%	0.5%	1.4%
28	Libya		0	0.1%	2.7%	96.6%	0.1%	0.3%	0.1%	0.2%
29	Madagascar		0	0.1%	85.3%	3.0%	0.1%	0.1%	4.5%	6.9%
30	Malawi	99	0	0.1%	82.7%	13.0%	0.1%	0.1%	1.7%	2.5%
31	Mali	95	0	0.1%	3.2%	92.4%	0.1%	0.1%	1.6%	2.7%
32	Mauritania	98	0	0.1%	0.3%	99.0%	0.1%	0.1%	0.5%	0.1%
33	Mauritius			0.1%	25.3%	16.7%	56.4%	0.1%	0.7%	0.6%
34	Morocco	97	0	0.1%	0.1%	99.0%	0.1%	0.1%	0.1%	0.1%
35	Mozambique		5	0.1%	56.7%	18.0%	0.1%	0.1%	7.4%	17.9%
36	Namibia		4	0.1%	97.5%	0.3%	0.1%	0.1%	0.2%	1.9%
37	Niger	99.5	0	0.1%	0.8%	98.4%	0.1%	0.1%	0.1%	0.7%
38	Nigeria	96	0	0.1%	49.3%	48.8%	0.1%	0.1%	1.4%	0.4%
39	Rwanda	95	0	0.1%	93.4%	1.8%	0.1%	0.1%	1.0%	3.6%
40	Sao Tome & Principe			0.1%	82.2%	0.1%	0.1%	0.1%	2.9%	12.6%
41	Senegal	96	0	0.1%	3.6%	96.4%	0.1%	0.1%	0.1%	0.1%
42	Seychelles			0.1%	94.0%	1.1%	2.1%	0.1%	0.1%	2.1%
43	Sierra Leone		0	0.1%	20.9%	78.0%	0.1%	0.1%	0.8%	0.1%
44	Somalia		0	0.1%	0.1%	99.0%	0.1%	0.1%	0.1%	0.1%
45	S. Africa	85	1	0.1%	81.2%	1.7%	1.1%	0.2%	0.4%	14.9%
46	Sudan	93		0.1%	5.4%	90.7%	0.1%	0.1%	2.8%	1.0%
47	Swaziland			0.1%	88.1%	0.2%	0.1%	0.1%	1.0%	10.1%
48	Tanzania	89	0	0.1%	61.4%	35.2%	0.1%	0.1%	1.8%	1.4%
49	Togo		0	0.1%	43.7%	14.0%	0.1%	0.1%	35.6%	6.2%
50	Tunisia	93	0	0.1%	0.2%	99.0%	0.1%	0.1%	0.1%	0.2%
51	Uganda	93	0	0.1%	86.7%	11.5%	0.3%	0.1%	0.9%	0.5%
52	Zambia	95	0	0.1%	97.6%	0.5%	0.1%	0.1%	0.3%	0.5%
53	Zimbabwe	88	4	0.1%	87.0%	0.9%	0.1%	0.1%	3.8%	7.9%
54	Somaliland	98
55	Mayotte			0.1%	0.7%	98.6%	0.1%	0.1%	0.5%	0.2%
56	St Helena			0.1%	96.5%	0.1%	0.1%	0.1%	0.1%	3.3%
57	Réunion			0.1%	87.6%	4.2%	4.5%	0.2%	0.4%	2.0%
58	Ascension Islands
59	Tristan da Cunha
60	S. Sudan			0.1%	60.5%	6.2%	0.1%	0.1%	32.9%	0.5%
61	Western Sahara			0.1%	0.2%	99.0%	0.1%	0.1%	0.1%	0.4%
	Africa Avg	94.7	0.5	0.1%	52.0%	39.2%	1.2%	0.1%	3.9%	3.4%
	World Avg	75.1	9.9	0.5%	60.6%	22.4%	2.0%	3.5%	2.7%	7.9%
q=61.

Links:

• Compare to other regions of the world
• A List of All Religions and Belief Systems
• Institutionalized Religions Have Their Numbers Inflated by National Polls
• Secularisation Theory: Will Modern Society Reject Religion? What is Secularism?
• Human Religions

Some notes from John R. Hinnells:

“There are as many African religions as peoples or 'tribes', that is, many hundreds. [...] African religions belonged to pre-literate societies. This has affected ... our knowledge. [...] Non-literate religions change at least as much as literate ones, but changes go unrecorded, hence the mistaken view that African religions are unchanging. Their historical developments may be partially plotted through analysis of layers within current ritual an myth [and] historical documentation. [...] There has been some sharp reaction against [Christian texts on African religion that make a monotheistic God central to African beliefs]. There are certainly some peoples with either no conception of a supreme God or one so limited as to be effectively otiose (Achloli, Lango, Lovedu, Nyakyusa, Swazi, Zande; Jok). These are significant exceptions. [...] More characteristic is a pattern of intermediaries - ancestors or nature gods - to which most ritual and prayer are immediately directed.”

"The Penguin Dictionary of Religions" by John R. Hinnells (1997)₁₇

Ancestor Worship:.

“In most although not all African religions (among exceptions are the Masai, Nuer, and Tiv) ancestors play a major role. [... They] are seen as elders, named and approached in much the same way as the most senior of living elders; yet they have additional mystical powers. [...] In more God-conscious societies ancestors may be approached simply as intermediaries to God, but where ritual, petition and sacrifice are regularly directed to ancestral spirits with little or no reference to God, it seems linguistically perverse to deny that this is worship - a word itself admitting a range of meaning. [...] In some west African societies (for example, Benin and the Ibo) ancestor veneration is combined with belief in their reincarnation in descendants.”

"The Penguin Dictionary of Religions" by John R. Hinnells (1997)₁₈

Wars Between Believers: Some in the West argue against non-believers, stating that religion is required for morals. Guy Harrison provides a counter-argument:

“There are very few atheists in sub-Saharan Africa yet that region is plagued with numerous wars decade after decade. Who can be blamed but believers?”

"50 Reasons People Give for Believing in a God" by Guy Harrison (2008)₁₉

There are too many examples to go into details. "Chad has experienced some tensions between fundamentalist and moderate Muslims, Guinea has strong social pressure discouraging conversion from Islam, Mali experienced violence in 2003 between traditional Sunni practitioners and Wahhabi Sunnis, and Niger similarly saw mainstream Sunni youths demonstrating against the Wahhabist Izalay sect.₂₀ [...] The most lethal religion-related armed conflict in recent decades occurred during the Sudanese civil war, which resulted in more than six million people being killed or displaced between 1989 and 2005. Religion played a central role in splitting the country into warring sides, primarily pitting government forces from the Muslim-majority north against an array of opposition forces from the south, which is largely Christian"₂₁. Although, because of the prevalence of Sufi Islam (a kinder branch of Islam), sub-Saharan Africa does better.

4. The Rise of Christianity in Africa₂₂

#christianity #congo,_dr #islam #kenya #malawi #nigeria #zambia

“According to religion demographers David Barett and Todd Johnson, Christians numbered 10 million in 1900 and 30 million in 1945, but then jumped to 144 million by 1970 and further to 411 million by 2005. Africa's most dramatic Christian growth, in other words, occurred after decolonization. [...] The most important driver and beneficiary of Protestantism's demographic expansion across the global South has clearly been evangelicalism - particularly, in recent years, in its Pentecostal expressions.”

Timothy Samuel Shah (2008)₂₃ p. x.

Much of this rise has not been in the spirit of a healthy competition of ideas, wherein the religion that best makes sense grows in numbers. Organized and wealthy Christian evangelists have used their power and resources to systematically undermine and diminish African religion. Anthropologist Terence O. Ranger writes that "evangelicals of all kinds 'demonize' African religion and seek to expel it both from the private and the public sphere"₂₄, and quotes Mutna (1999):

“The modern African state, right from its inception, has relentlessly engaged in a campaign of the marginalization, at best, or eradication, at worst, of African religion... The destruction and delegitimation of African religion have been actively effected at the urging or with the collusion and for the benefit of, either or both Islam and Christianity... [T]he conscious, willful and planned displacement of African religion goes beyond and legitimate bounds of religious advocacy and violates the human rights of Africans:... it is in fact a repudiation... of the humanity of African culture.”

Mutna (1999), 170.

With wealth comes power and influence, over both religion and government. In several countries "freedom of religion" has been enshrined into law, not to protect African religion, but to ensure the easy spread of evangelical churches - and Muslim outreach churches do exactly the same in countries where they have a foothold. "Mutua, an academic lawyer, shows that the constitutions of independent African states - Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Zambia, the Congo, etc. - guarantee 'liberal generic protection of religious freedoms.' But these are defined in such a way that they refer exclusively to Islam and Christianity"₂₄.

As such, Timothy S. Shah, senior research scholar at the Institute on Culture, Religion and World Affairs at Boston University, warns about "numerous instances" of Christian communities supporting any party, no matter how vile if it happens to further the interests of their own community.

“It is also true that the contributors document numerous instances in which evangelical leaders and their constituencies have been all too willing to offer their fervent prayers and praise for dictators they deem 'godly' - a designation dictators usually earn by their adoption of biblical rhetoric and sponsorship of religious functions, particularly the ubiquitous evangelical crusade. In so doing, some evangelicals reproduce and indeed reinforce the corrupt clientelist politics rife in the region.”

Timothy Samuel Shah (2008)₂₃ p. xii-xiii.